Wednesday, March 21, 2018

copyright,copyleft,bogus ebook download sites real download sites

I am h going to collect all theses Bogus  book download sites in one place so that  we are not  fooled  over  and  over
http://allinoneebook.com/
http://am-medicine.com
http://medical-ebooks.net
http://medbooksvn.net/
http://e-books-pdf.com

fidic silver book free download


good ones 

https://www.entnet.org/sites/default/files/Oto-Primary-Care-WEB.pdf

www.smtebooks.com

Can you be allergic to HUMAN INSULIN ?

In the days of pork and beef derived insulin (prior to the mid-80s), insulin allergy was a relatively common occurrence. However, since the use of recombinant human insulin has become pervasive, the number of people who are allergic to insulin has declined enormously.
While it’s not common, some people can experience insulin allergies.
Insulin allergy is now rare, but it does occur. Like any other allergic reaction, it is triggered by a misguided response from the immune system, seeing a benign element as a foreign invader. People who have insulin allergies may experience redness, hives at the site of injection, a rash that spreads over the whole body, angioedema (swelling of the skin under the surface), hypotension, dyspnea and even anaphylaxis. In anaphylaxis the throat swells so much the airway is compromised and suffocation can ensue.
Since different insulins use different filler materials to stabilize their solutions and contain a slightly different combination of amino acid in their molecular sequence, it is possible that you can be allergic to one type of insulin and not to another. Therefore, often a switch in the type of insulin you are taking is all that is required to avoid any further incidences.
Since allergic reactions can be life-threatening, the first thing to do if you notice a reaction to your insulin, especially if it comes soon after you have injected it, is to call your physician, so your condition can be diagnosed and treated, if necessary, successfully. Your physician may empirically simply switch you to a different brand of insulin if your reaction was not severe.
However, if your condition is more worrisome, affecting your breathing for example, you may be asked to see an allergist. The allergist can do a skin prick test in which a small amount of insulin is introduced under the skin to see if you react. If you do react to particular insulin, other insulins can be tested to see if they share cross-reactivity.
For patients whose allergy to insulin is universal, slow, gradual desensitization is often prescribed. This involves taking minute doses of insulin, often given through an insulin pump, since pumps can be programmed to deliver very small amounts of insulin at one time, often down to a fraction of a unit. The dose is increased when the patient is able to tolerate the current volume of insulin without exhibiting symptoms.
Interruption of insulin for an extended period of time can evoke the allergy once again, so it is important that this type of insulin usage continues. Usually, an antihistamine and steroids are given to block the response of the immune system until the body begins to accept the insulin. For some people, the allergy to insulin does not respond to desensitization and continued use of steroids and antihistamines given along with the insulin is the only recourse.
Happily, this doesn’t happen very often and when it does happen we now have the resources to control it.

Why Does Fat Increase Blood Glucose?

Why Does Fat Increase Blood Glucose?
September 27, 2011 Joslin Communications

Has this ever happened to you?

— You eat a meal such as fettuccine alfredo with garlic bread and tiramisu for dessert.

— You take either the appropriate amount of insulin for the carbohydrate in the meal or your oral medications.

— You check 2 to 3 hours after eating and see a blood glucose reading that is in range.

So far, so good, right?

—Then you wake up the next morning with a very high number?

Ever wondered what causes this?

There are two reasons.

First, Fettuccine Alfredo, garlic bread, and tiramisu are, for the most part, a mixture of carbohydrate and fat.  But it’s the fat in the meal that is contributing to the elevated readings.

Although carbohydrate is the nutrient that has the most immediate effect on blood glucose levels, fat is not glucose neutral. But only a small portion of the triglyceride (fat) molecule, called the glycerol backbone, can be used as glucose.  This very small addition to the glucose pool can’t be the source of your high blood glucose readings.  So if fat doesn’t directly raise blood glucose, what is it doing?

For many years scientists thought that fat was a metabolically inert substance.  Fat on the body was considered dead weight, just extra blubber people carted around. Well it turns out that fat has been masquerading as the quiet shy guy in the back row, all the while packing a considerable metabolic punch.

A high-fat meal can increase the amount of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the blood.   Both repeatedly elevated levels of FFAs, as found in chronic intake of high fat (especially high saturated fat) meals and obesity, are associated with both skeletal muscle and liver insulin resistance.

That resistance means that it will take more insulin—either made by your pancreas or from an injection—to move the glucose in the bloodstream into the cells.  There is also evidence that FFAs may have a direct role in reducing the amount of insulin secreted by the beta cells in the pancreas, although an exam mechanism for this role is unknown.

Second, fat also changes the timing of the rise in blood glucose after a meal.

Unlike carbohydrate, which is digested fairly quickly, fat takes a long time to move through the gastrointestinal tract. It can take 4 to 6 hours and sometimes even longer to be fully metabolized. This can be a problem for someone taking insulin.

Fast acting insulins such as Novolog, Humalog or Apridra are active in the body for 3 to 4 hours. When you eat a high fat meal, the insulin may start working before a significant amount of glucose reaches the blood.  The insulin often is finished working before the rest of the glucose makes an appearance.

That is why blood glucose numbers can look in range 2 hours post eating a high fat meal and look significantly above goal 5 hours later.

The Bottom Line:

An occasional fatty meal is fine, but eating large amounts, for example, a meal containing 40 or more grams of fat, especially if the fat is saturated (found in animal meats, etc.), can make it harder to control blood glucose levels.
You may have to alter the amount and timing of your insulin if you eat high fat meals.
For those people taking oral medications, doing some type of physical activity—for example, walking—after a high fat meal can help lower blood glucose.

the development of laser eye surgery for diabetic retinopathy same old stupidity of initial opposition

: William P Beetham had a surprising idea he and his colleagues at Joslin Diabetes Center’s Beetham eye clinic including son-in-law Lloyd M Aiello had noticed that eyes with previous retinal scarring rarely got proliferative diabetic retinopathy what if they thought we scar the retina on purpose with a laser and so back in those days about 40-to50 percent the patients could go blind from diabetic eye disease the advent of the laser changed that dramatically so the pan retinal laser photocoagulation was developed by Dr. beef him and dr. Hillel working together here at the Joslin and that uses a laser beam a very highly focused beam of light that shines into the back of the eye and actually causes little scars very very small scars in many areas of retina this radical treatment was originally met with angry resistance in the eye care community some going as far as calling it malpractice but the undeniably positive results soon put an end to the controversy often with as few as one two three laser treatments over % of severe vision loss could be prevented this Jocelyn pioneered treatment became the standard of care for diabetic retinopathy for more than  years but the treatment was not without drawbacks we were actually destroying areas of retina to save the center part of the retina where most of the vision is were your sharp petition hits and so there were some side-effects that went along with that the side effects included attacked was more difficult to see at night it was more difficult to see in your peripheral vision out to this side and it was very difficult going from aright room into a dark room things like that but that was part of the treatment we couldn't get around that but that was a very good trade-off to keep her center vision and remain functioning while laser helped preserve the vision of people with diabetic retinopathy for decades researchers were on the hunt for something more something that could improve vision 

Little known good facts about ACA the much maligned OBAMACARE

Under the Affordable Care Act, also known as health care reform, you can get some drugs at no member cost share. This means they are covered 100 percent by your plan. The following list of drugs and products shows some items that are
available at no member cost share with a prescription. This is not a complete list. 
There are additional drugs and products available. 
Category 
Aspirin products 
Covered for members (men and 
women) a es 50 - 69 years when 
prescribeå by a doctor. 
Aspirin 81 mg is covered for 
preeclampsia. 
Vitamin D 
Covered for members ages 65 and 
Older when prescribed by a doctor 
Generic name 
aspirin tab aspirin 75 rng, 81 nig 
cholecalciferol cap 400u, 1,000U 
cholecalciferol chew tab 40011, 1,000u 
cholecalciferol drops 400 unit/003 mL 
(per drop) 
cholecalciferol oral liquid 400 unit/rnL 
cholecalciferol tab 40011, 1,000u 
Brand name 
ST. JOSEPH 
D-VI-SOL 
Fluoride
Oral fluoride covered for children
ages 6 months - 11 years without
flüoride in their water source.
Fluoride dental products
Covered with a prescription from a
doctor. Age limits under the fluoride
category above apply.
Tobacco-cessation medications
Covered With a prescription.
(Limits apply. Limits vary by plan.)
Folic acid
Recommended for members
who are or may become pregnant'*
Statin medications
Covered for member betw•een
40-75 years of age with no restriction
besides current quantity limits.
sodium fluoride chew tab O. 25 mg
0.5 mg, mg
sodium fluoride tab 0.5 mg, mg
sodium fluoride soln O. 125 mg/drop,
05 mg/mL
c/inpro 5000 (sodium fluoride paste
denta 5000 plus (sodium fluoride
cream 1.1%)
s/ (sodium fluoride gel f))
buwoøon HCI (smoking deterrent) tab
nicotine TD patch
nicotine polacrilex gum
nicotine polacrilex lozenge
folic acid cap 0.8 mg
folic acid cap 20 mg
folic acid cap 5 mg
folic acid tab mg
folic acid tab 400 mcg
folic acid tab 800 mcg
atorvastatin TO mg
simvastatin 5 mg
simvastatin 'O mg
FLUORABON
FLURA.DROPS
LOZI.FLUR
LURIDE
PREVIDENT 5000 DRY MOUTH gel
PREVIDENT 5000 PLUS cream
PREVIDENT 5000 SENSITIVE paste
PREVIDENT rinse
CHANTIX
NICOTROL INHALER
NICOTROL NS
none
*Only when prescribed for smoking cessation.
U_S_ Preventive Services Task Force recommends that all women planning or capable Of pregnancy take a daily
supplement containing 04 to 0.8 mg (400 to 800 mcg) of folic acid.
Health benefits and health insurance plans are offered. administered and/or underwritten by Aetna Health
Inc.. Aetna Health Insurance Company of New York. Aetna Health Insurance Company. Aetna HealthAssurance
Pennsylvani
Aetna Life I
Copyfish
Company. I
sole financi
unit Of Aetni 

Major drug classes


Anti-infectives
1A Antifungals
1B Antimalarials
1C Antiparasitics and anthelmintics
1D Antiretrovirals
1E Antituberculars
1F Antivirals
1G Cephalosporins
1H Macrolides
1I Penicillins
1J Quinolones
1K Sulfonamides and combinations
1L Tetracyclines
1M Urinary tract agents
1N Miscellaneous anti-infectives
Cardiovascular, hypertension, cholesterol
2A ACE-Inhibitors and combinations
2B Alpha-adrenergic agents
2C Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers and combinations
2D Anticoagulants and hemostasis agents
2E Beta blockers and combinations
2F Calcium channel blockers and combinations
2G Cardiovascular treatment
2H Diuretics
2I Lipid-lowering agents
2J Nitrates and combinations
2K Renin-inhibitors and combinations
2L Miscellaneous antihypertensives
Page
Central nervous system
3A Alzheimer's therapy
3B Anticonvulsants
3C Antidepressants
3D Antipsychotics
3E Anxiolytics
3F CNS stimulants
3G Migraine therapy
3H Myasthenia gravis
3I Narcotic antagonists
3J Narcotic mixed agonist and antagonist
3K Narcotic and analgesic combinations
3L Narcotics
3M Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
3N Parkinsons disease and related disorders
3O Salicylates
3P Sedative and hypnotics
3Q Skeletal muscle relaxants
3R Miscellaneous CNS
Gastrointestinal agents
4A 5-Aminosalicylic Acid (5-ASA) agents
4B Antidiarrheals and antispasmodics
4C Antiemetics
4D Bile acids
4E Bowel preparation and cleansing agents
4F Digestive enzymes
4G H2-Receptor antagonists
4H Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI)
4I Topical anti-Inflammatory agents
4J Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) blocking agents
4K Ulcer therapy
4L Miscellaneous gastrointestinal agents
Obstetrics and gynecology
5A Contraceptives-Biphasic
5B Contraceptives-Misc.
5C Contraceptives-Monophasic
5D Contraceptives-Postcoital
5E Contraceptives-Triphasic
5F Estrogen and progestin combinations
5G Estrogens
5H Infertility treatment*
5I Progestins
5J Vaginal anti-infective and antifungal
5K Miscellaneous OB-GYN

Rheumatology and musculoskeletal
6A Corticosteroids
6B Gout therapy
6C Non-Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) blocking agents
6D Osteoporosis and bone resorption
6E Osteoporosis and hormonal treatment
6F Salicylates
6G Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) blocking agents
6H Miscellaneous rheumatologic agents
Endocrinology
7A Androgens
7B Antithyroid agents
7C Corticosteroids
7D Growth Hormone and related products
7E Insulins
7F Non-insulin hypoglycemic agents
7G Somatostatin analogs
7H Thyroid hormones
7I Urea cycle disorder agents
7J Vitamin D analogs
7K Miscellaneous endocrine
Antineoplastics and immunosuppresants
8A Adjuvant therapy
8B Alkylating agents
8C Antimetabolites
8D Hormonal agents
8E Immunomodulators
8F Kinase inhibitors and molecular target inhibitors
8G Miscellaneous antineoplastic agents
Immunology and hematolo
9A Hematopoietic agents
9B Immunoglobulins
9C Interferons and MS therapy
9D Miscellaneous immunology and hematology

Dermatology
10A Acne treatment
10B Antipsoriatic and antiseborrheic
10C Corticosteriods - very high potency
10D Corticosteroids - high potency
10E Corticosteroids - medium potency
10F Corticosteroids - low potency
10G Scabicides and pediculicides
10H Topical anesthetics
10I Topical antibacterials
10J Topical antifungals
10K Topical antineoplastic agents and immunomodulators
10L Topical antivirals
10M Wound and burn therapy
10N Miscellaneous dermatologicals
Ophthalmology
11A Cycloplegic mydriatics
11B Glaucoma agents
11C Ophthalmic anti-allergy agents
11D Ophthalmic anti-infective and steroid combinations
11E Ophthalmic anti-infectives
11F Ophthalmic anti-inflammatory agents
11G Ophthalmic beta blockers
11H Ophthalmic steroids
11I Miscellaneous ophthalmic agents
Otic and nasal preparations
12A Nasal preparations
12B Otic preparations
Respiratory, cough and cold
13A Antihistamine and decongestant combinations
13B Antihistamines
13C Antitussives
13D Cystic Fibrosis agents
13E Epinephrine
13F Inhaled anticholinergics
13G Inhaled beta-agonist and anticholinergic combinations
13H Inhaled beta-agonists
13I Inhaled steroid and beta-agonist combinations
13J Inhaled steroids
13K Intranasal steroids
13L Oral beta-agonists
13M Pulmonary Hypertension Agents
13N Theophyllines
13O Miscellaneous respiratory agents

Urology
14A BPH Treatment
14B Ion-Removing Agents
14C Urinary Antispasmodics
14D Miscellaneous Urologicals
Vitamins and supplements
15A Potassium Replacement
15B Vitamins and Minerals
Diagnostic and other miscellaneous
16A Chelating Agents
16B Diagnostics and Other Miscellaneous
16C Vaccines
Lifestyle modification
17A Sexual Dysfunction
17B Smoking Cessation
17C Weight Loss Preparations

Shotgun sequencing −The Slurry with the Fringe on the Top

It's kind of like putting together a jigsaw puzzle with millions of pieces 
(a lot of which are “blue sky”).


Collect a sample of your cells by rinsing out your mouth with dilute salt water. Add some detergent to dissolve the cell and nuclear membranes, releasing the contents. Precipitate out the proteins by adding alcohol; stir, and let settle. In a few minutes, fibres will rise out of the murk to the top of the vessel. These fibres are your DNA (plus that of some bacteria that were living in your mouth). The sequence of your DNA is your lifelong endowment. It determined that you are human, that you are male or female, that you are brown- or blue-eyed, that you are right- or left-handed. But think of these fragile cables not as a leash that constrains you but as the cords that raise the curtains on the drama of your life. −The Slurry with the Fringe on the Top

metagenomics and Human Microbiome.

 Horizontal gene transfer. This challenges the whole idea of a hierarchy of biological classification. Many bacteria have been cloned and studied in isolation, especially those responsible for the disease. However, a new field, metagenomics, deals with the entire complement of living things in an environmental sample, allowing us to address questions about interspecies interaction in the ‘real world’. Sources include ocean water, soil, and the human gut (Human Microbiome.

what does it mean to be human?

 Different individuals of a species do not necessarily have identical genomes. What is the nature and extent of the variability? With intraspecies variability as a baseline, what are the similarities and differences between genomes of different species? Comparative genomics thereby allows us to address a question central not only to this book but to the field as a whole: what does it mean to be human?

Human genome list of information-retrieval tools

 information-retrieval tools

List of Genome Databanks

 databanks

$US1000 human genome to 100 INR human genome "the journey of Molecular Biology"


are digital archives of the African Pliocene, even of Devonian seas; walking repositories of wisdom out the Old days. You could spend a lifetime reading in this ancient library and die unsated by the wonder Of it. —RICHARD DAWKINS


The human genome is only one of the many complete genome sequences known. Taken together, genome sequences from organisms distributed widely among the branches of the tree of life give us a sense, only hinted at before, of the very great unity in detail of all life on Earth. This recognition has changed our perceptions, much as the first pictures of the Earth from space engendered a unified view of our planet.

 Intellectual struggles that occupied entire careers leave behind only terse conclusions, often without any appreciation of the experiments that established the facts, much less of the alternative hypothesis tested and rejected. The force of the scientists’ personalities and their foibles are forgotten. This is too bad: those who do not learn from the successes of history will find it harder to emulate them
Genomics is an interdisciplinary subject. The phenomena we want to explain are biological. But many fields contribute to the methods and the intellectual approaches that we bring to bear on the data. Physicists, mathematicians, computer scientists, engineers, chemists, clinical practitioners, and researchers, have all joined in the enterprise.
 the technical developments that have so greatly increased the data flow, the current state of our knowledge and understanding of the data, and applications to medicine and other fields.

DNA and protein sequences and structures, genomes and proteomes, databases and information retrieval, and bioinformatics and the World Wide Web.

The first nucleic acid sequencing, by groups led by F. Sanger and W. Gilbert, in the 1970s, was a breakthrough comparable to the discovery of the double helix of DNA. The challenges of sequencing stimulated spectacular improvements in technology. The first was the automation of the Sanger method. The original sequences of the human genome were accomplished by batteries of automated Sanger sequencers. Subsequently, a series of ‘new generations’ of novel approaches have brought the landmark goal, the $US1000 human genome, within reach. Where do all the data go?

DEFINITION Human Genome 3.158 Gb
LOCUS  HSGPOIOIOI DNA  DATE 04-25-03
 
ACCESSION Assembly 1.0
ORGANISM
"Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Primates; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo. Homo sapiens"

TITLE
/ source
/ chromosome
/ note
ORIGIN
The Sequence
1, 3150000000
"1-22, x, Y"
"Book of Life, Holy Grail, Human Blueprint"
61
121
181
241
301
361
421
agctcgctga
cctgcgctca
tggatttatc
tCttagagtg
acatattttg
gtcctttatg
aacttgttga
atgcaaacag
gacttcctgg
ggaggccttc
tgctcttcgc
tcccatctgt
caaattttgc
taagaatgat
agagctattg
ctataatttt
accccgcacc
accctctgct
gttgaagaag
Ctggagttga
atgctgaaac
ataaccaaaa
aaaatcattt
gcaaaaaagg
aggctgtggg
ctgggtaaag
tacaaaatgt
tcaaggaacc
ttctcaacca
ggagcctaca
gtgcttttca
aaaataactc
gtttctcaga
ttcattggaa
cattaatgct
tgtctccaca
gaagaaaggg
agaaagtacg
gcttgacaca
tcctgaacat
taactgggcc
cagaaagaaa
atgcagaaaa
aagtgtgacc
ccttcacagt
agatttagtc
ggtt tggagt
ctaaaagatg 

Sunday, March 18, 2018

దేశంలోనే హైదరాబాద్ ఫస్ట్..! దేంట్లో ? ఇక్కడే అత్యధికంగా మధుమేహ వ్యాధిగ్రస్తులు డయాబెటిస్ రోగులు ఉన్నారు


దేశంలోనే హైదరాబాద్ ఫస్ట్..!

హైదరాబాద్ : కిడ్నీ, గుండెపోటు, కీళ్లనొప్పులు, కాలెయ తదితర సమస్యలు వచ్చి అనారోగ్యానికి గురై చికిత్స తీసుకునేందుకు వైద్యశాలలకు వెళితే తప్ప బాధితులకు షుగర్ ఉన్నట్లు తెలియడం లేదు. దీనివల్ల చాలా మంది రోగులు మొదటి మూడు దశలు దాటి డేంజర్ జోన్‌లోకి వచ్చేస్తున్నారు. వ్యాధి ప్రారంభ దశలో అంటే మూడు స్టేజీల్లోగా ఉంటే దానిని నియంత్రిచవచ్చు. వ్యాధి వచ్చే అవకాశాలుంటే ముందుగానే గుర్తిస్తే అరికట్టవచ్చని వైద్య నిపుణులు చెబుతున్నారు.

80 శాతం మంది రోగులు మూడు దశల తరువాతనే వ్యాధి ఉన్నట్లు తెలుసుకుని ఆందోళనకు గురవుతున్నారు. ముఖ్యంగా మధుమేహానికి మనదేశం ప్రపంచ రాజధానిగా మారింది. ఇతర దేశాల కంటే ఇక్కడే అత్యధికంగా మధుమేహ వ్యాధిగ్రస్తులు ఉన్నారు. అందులోనూ హైదరాబాద్ నగరం అగ్రగామిగా నిలవడం ఆందోళనకరం. దేశంలోని ఇతర నగరాల కంటే గ్రేటర్‌లోనే మధుమేహ వ్యాధిగ్రస్తుల సంఖ్య ఎక్కువగా నమోదవుతున్నట్లు వైద్య, ఆరోగ్య సంస్థల గణాంకాల ద్వారా తెలుస్తోంది. ప్రస్తుతం దేశంలో 70 మిలియన్ల మంది మధుమేహంతో బాధపడుతుండగా, ఒక్క హైదరాబాద్‌లో 20 శాతం ఉన్నట్లు నేషనల్ అర్బన్ డయాబెటీస్ జరిపిన సర్వేలో వెల్లడైంది. అయితే, అవగాహన లేమితో ఈ బాధితుల సంఖ్య ఏటేటా పెరిగిపోతున్న తెలుస్తోంది.
షుగర్ వ్యాధి ఎలా వస్తుంది?

షుగర్ అనేది శరీరంలో మూడు రకాల పదార్థాలు పెరగడం వల్ల వస్తుంది. అవి గ్లూకోజ్, ఫ్రక్టోజ్, సుక్రోజ్. వీటినే సాధారణంగా చక్కెరలుగా పిలుస్తారు. ఈ పదార్థాలు మనం తినే ఆహారంలో ఉండి తీపిదనాన్ని అందిస్తాయి. సాధారణంగా శరీరం పలు రకాల సంక్లిష్ట పిండి పదార్థాలను గ్లూకోజ్‌గా మారుస్తుంది. అయితే, రక్తంలో ఉండే గ్లూకోజ్ స్థాయి పెరగడంతో ప్యాంక్రియాటిక్ బీటా కణాలు ఇన్సూలిన్‌ను విడుదల చేస్తాయి. విడుదలైన ఇన్సూలిన్ సమక్షంలో బీటా కణాలు శక్తిని ఉత్పన్నం చేయడానికి గ్లూకోజ్‌ను వినియోగించుకుంటాయి. ఇక ఫ్రక్టోజ్ విషయానికి వస్తే ఇది పండ్లు, తీపి పానియాలు, చల్లని పానియాల్లో లభిస్తుంది. ఫ్రక్టోజ్ వల్ల ఊబకాయం, కాలేయంలో కొవ్వు, ఇన్సులిన్ నిల్వలు పెరుగుతాయి. సుక్రోజ్ మనం వినియోగించే సాధారణ చక్కెర. ఇది చెరుకు నుంచి తయారవుతుంది. ఇందులో గ్లూకోజ్, ఫ్రక్టోజ్‌లు ఉంటాయి. ఈ మూడు పదార్థ్ధాలు ఒక గ్రాముకు సమాన మోతాదులో క్యాలరీలను అంటే శక్తిని విడుదల చేస్తాయి. శరీరంలో అధికంగా శక్తి విడుదలవడంతో అది కొవ్వుగా మారి రక్తంలో పేరుకుపోతుంది. ఫలితంగా శరీరంలోని ప్రధాన భాగాలైన గుండె, కిడ్నీలతోపాటు కండరాలకు రక్తం సరఫరా సన్నగిల్లుతుంది. అంతేకాకుండా కొవ్వు పెరిగిపోవడంతో ఊబకాయం కూడా ఏర్పడుతుంది. శరీరంలో తీపి పదార్థ్ధాల వల్ల అధిక శక్తి విడుదలవుతున్నందున ఈ వ్యాధిని చక్కెర లేదా మధుమేహ వ్యాధి అంటారని అపోలో వైద్యశాల ఎండ్రోక్రినాలజిస్టు డాక్టర్ రబీంద్రనాథ్ మెహ్రోత్రా, యశోద వైద్యశాల నిపుణుడు సీనియర్ ఎండ్రోక్రినాలజిస్టు డాక్టర్ కిషోర్‌కుమార్ తెలిపారు.
మధుమేహం నిజంగానే స్వీట్ పాయిజన్

పేరులోని తీపిదనం ఉంది. కానీ, ఇది తియ్యటి విషంలా మనిషి ప్రాణాలను తీస్తుందని యశోద ఆసుపత్రి వైద్యనిపుణుడు సీనియర్ ఎండోక్రైనాలజిస్టు డాక్టర్ కిషోర్‌కుమార్, డాక్టర్ రబీంద్రనాథ్ మెహ్రోత్రా వివరించారు. ఎందుకంటే ఈ వ్యాధి ప్రారంభం నుంచి తీవ్రమయ్యే వరకూ శరీరంలో ఎలాంటి ఇబ్బందులు అనిపించవు. ఫలితంగా వ్యాధిని రోగి గుర్తించే వీలు ఉండదు. ప్రత్యేక సందర్భాల్లో మాత్రమే వ్యాధి బట్టబయలవుతుంది. అంటే రోగికి ఏదేని తీవ్రమైన అనారోగ్య సమస్య వచ్చినప్పుడు గాని, లేదా శస్త్రచికిత్సలు చేసే సమయంలో గాని వ్యాధి బయటపడుతుందని వైద్యులు పేర్కొన్నారు. అంటే వ్యాధి బయటపడే సమయానికి జరగరాని నష్టం జరిగిపోతుందన్నమాట. అందుకే దీన్ని వైద్య పరిభాషలో స్వీట్ పాయిజన్‌గా పరిగణిస్తారని వైద్యులు తెలిపారు.
డయాబెటిస్ ప్రభావం చూపే అవయవాలు

గుండె,  కిడ్నీలు, కళ్లు,కీళ్లు,కండరాలు, నరాలు,ఊపిరితిత్తులు
వ్యాధి లక్షణాలు

 ఎక్కువ ఆకలి వేయడం
త్వరగా నీరసించిపోవడం
ఎక్కువ మూత్రం రావడం
ఎక్కువ దాహం వేయడం
 బరువు తగ్గిపోవడం
గాయాలు త్వరగా మానకపోవడం
చూపు మందగించడం


Conversion Table for Blood Glucose Monitoring

Conversion Table for Blood Glucose Monitoring

People from outside the US may find this table convenient for converting US blood glucose values which are given in mg/dl into values generated by their blood glucose meters, which are generated in mmol/L.
mmol/Lmg/dl mmol/Lmg/dl mmol/Lmg/dl
0.0616.712016.0288
0.2857.012616.6300
0.55107.213017.0306
1.0187.513518.0325
1.5277.814019.0342
2.0368.014520.0360
2.2408.315020.8375
2.5458.916022.2400
2.8509.016223.0414
3.0549.417024.0432
3.36010.018025.0450
3.97010.519026.4475
4.07211.019627.7500
4.48011.120030.0540
4.78512.021633.3600
5.09012.522538.8700
5.510013.925040.0720
6.010614.426044.4800
6.111015.027050.0900
  

Glucose tolerance test

 Glucose tolerance test 
A glucose tolerance test should be performed in the morning  after an overnight fast.
 It is important that the patient should  have had a normal diet for the preceding 3 days and should not  restrict carbohydrate intake drastically. 
The test should also not be  performed during an acute illness or following prolonged bedrest. 
  Plasma glucose concentrations are measured fasting and then  2 hours after a drink of 75 g of glucose in 250–350 ml of water  (in children: 1.75 g/kg up to maximum of 75 g).

 Several proprietary  preparations are available and these are often flavoured to make  items palatable.

 Table 1 shows normal values and interpretation  of abnormal values during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

  The role of oral glucose tolerance tests has changed given the  recent recommendations over the use of HbA1c as a preferred  means of diagnosing diabetes.

 Interpretation of the oral glucose  tolerance test results  Impaired fasting glycaemia (IGF)  Fasting glucose between 6.1 and 6.9 mmol/l in the absence of  abnormal values after the glucose load is defined as impaired  fasting glycaemia. 

Conversion to diabetes is not invariable but it is  important to reassess once a year, and in future this is likely to be  through HbA1c measurement (see Box 1.1). Individuals with IFG  should be advised about a healthy life-style and to avoid obesity.  Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)  Once again conversion to diabetes is not invariable and patients  may either persist with impaired glucose tolerance, revert to normal  glucose tolerance or progress to type 2 diabetes. Obese individuals  should be advised to try and lose weight through diet and exercise.  The implications of this diagnosis for pregnancy are different.
.  IGF and IGT are collectively known asimpaired glucose regulation  but these terms may become outdated as HbA1c becomes the  recommended means of diagnosing diabetes and identifying those  at risk .
.  Diabetes mellitus
 A fasting glucose of greater than or equal to 7.0 mmol/l or a 2-hour  glucose value of greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/l suggests 

Conversion Table for Blood Glucose Monitoring

People from outside the US may find this table convenient for converting US blood glucose values which are given in mg/dl into values generated by their blood glucose meters, which are generated in mmol/L.
mmol/Lmg/dl mmol/Lmg/dl mmol/Lmg/dl
0.0616.712016.0288
0.2857.012616.6300
0.55107.213017.0306
1.0187.513518.0325
1.5277.814019.0342
2.0368.014520.0360
2.2408.315020.8375
2.5458.916022.2400
2.8509.016223.0414
3.0549.417024.0432
3.36010.018025.0450
3.97010.519026.4475
4.07211.019627.7500
4.48011.120030.0540
4.78512.021633.3600
5.09012.522538.8700
5.510013.925040.0720
6.010614.426044.4800
6.111015.027050.0900
  

A few importan points about diabetes

• Diabetes produces a variety of clinical presentations, from acute to gradual onset

• Currently, the diagnosis should be based on two separate tests unless the patient is clearly symptomatic in which case only one positive test is required

• New World Health Organization diagnostic criteria based on glycosylated haemoglobin are here

• A combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the risk of diabetes

• Impaired glucose regulation is an important risk factor both for future diabetes and cardiovascular disease

• Distinction between random and fasting samples is essential in interpreting the significance of borderline blood glucose levels

• Impaired glucose tolerance can only be diagnosed by oral glucose tolerance test