Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, and traditional pharmaceutical and surgical interventions delay the progression of CVDs. Recently, stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising candidate for treating and preventing heart failure. Increasing efforts have been devoted towards the exploration and identification of potential cell types to repair the injured heart, such as skeletal myoblasts, embryonic, induced pluripotent, bone marrow-derived, mesenchymal, and resident cardiac stem cells. In addition, the direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes represents a novel approach for cardiac regeneration.
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