Python Glossary

Index

Symbols

 (colon)creating functions

(dot) operator

" (double-quotes)

avoid using with True/False

create strings

create strings with single-quotes vs.

escaping inside strings

prompt and pass

>= (greater-than-equal) operator

+= (increment by) operator

<= (less-than-equal) operator

- (minus) operator

!= (not equal) operator

' (single-quotes)

create strings

create strings with double-quotes vs.

escaping inside strings

indicating strings

''' (triple-single-quotes)

""" (triple-quotes)

dedent function

errors when putting spaces between

escaping inside strings

/ (slash) character

\ (backslash) character

\\ (double backlash) character

_ (underscore) character

+ (plus) operator

== (equal) operator

function of

practicing Boolean logic

in truth tables

as truth term

= (single-equal) operator

# (pound or octothorpe) character

% (percent) operator

* (asterisk) operator

[] left and right bracketslists

^ (caret) characterview output

{} charactersembedded variables in strings

< (less than) operator

<>!= (not equal) vs.

> (greater than) operator

A

activate scriptPowershell

Addressesweb

altered() functioninheritance

Alternative text editors

and

in Boolean logic

as truth term

app.py

build first website

create game engine

create HTML forms

how forms work

write automated tests for forms

app_tests.py file

apropos command

*args

Argumentscreating functions

argv

as argument variable

prompting and passing using

reading and writing files

reading files

unpacking

using input() vs.

Arrayslists vs.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

assert_equal() functionautomated testing

assert_raises() functionwriting test expected to fail

asterisk (*)operator

Atom text editor

alternatives to

Linux setup

macOS setup

Windows setup

working with first program

Automated tests

for forms

improving

overview of

refactoring gothonweb game using

test first with

B

Backslash (\) character

Bash references

Big encoding

bin directoryskeleton project directory

Bits

Blocks of code

Boolean logic

memorizing vs. learning

practicing

rules for if-statements

Bottom up processesvs. top down

Brackets ([])lists

Branches and functions

Breaking files

Browser

create engine to run game in

getting input from. See Inputgetting from browser

how it accesses information

Bytes

breaking files

conventions for encoding

defined

dissecting code

dissecting output

C

C algorithmsuper() function

Cardinal numberslists

caret (^) characterview output

cat commandprint whole file

cd commandchange directory

macOS/Linux

overview of

Windows

cd~ command

Characters

encoding. See Stringsbytesand character encodings

importance of learning names of

for truth terms

Checklistcreating function

Child classes. See Inheritance vs. composition

Classes

adds consistency to program

as blueprints for new mini-modules

code and test in OOP

design hierarchy in OOP

inheritance vs. composition. See Inheritance vs. composition

object-oriented phrase drill

object-oriented reading test

object-oriented word drill

researching Python

similarity to modules

styling

as templates minting new objects

CLI (command line interface)using on GUI

close commandclose file

Code

avoid hard coding filenames

blocks of

classes/testing

create one line of

finding errors in

inheritance vs. composition for reusable

OOP analysis and design

parser

practicing English to

reading

reading backward. See Reading code backward

reading phrases

refactoring for gothonweb game

researching piece of

styling

testing other programmer’s

typing into Terminal/PowerShell

Colon ()creating functions

Colorsin text editors

Command-line crash course

change directory (cd)

copy file (cp)

exit your terminal (exit)

how to use appendix

introduction

list directory (ls)

make directory (mkdir)

make empty files (touch/New-Item)

memorizing things

move around (pushdpopd)

move file (mv)

pathsfoldersdirectories (pwd)

PowerShell references

remove directory (rmdir)

remove file (rm)

setup

stream file (cat)

Unix Bash references

view file (less/more)

Command line interface (CLI)using on GUI

Commands

converting arguments to strings

as functions and methods

learning

Comments

adding when reading code

creating functions with

designing/debugging with

functions/files with

getting help with documentation

is-a/has-a relationships using

reading/writing files using

using in Python

variable names

writing good

writing when you do not understand code

Composition

defined

overview of

when to use inheritance or

Connectionsweb

Conventionsfor encoding text

Copying fileswriting script for

cpcopy file or directory

macOS/Linux

overview of

Windows

curl commandgenerate request types

D

Data structures

dictionaries as

lists as common

Data typeslist of

DBES (Decode BytesEncode Strings)dissecting code

Debugging

designing and

fixing errors in first website

refactored code

Decisionsmaking

dedent() function"""-style strings

def (create function)

branches and functions

create game engine

defined

files working with functions

functions can return something

functions working with variables

is-a/has-a relationships

overview of

in reading test

del keyworddelete from dictionary

Designing and debugging

dict

how forms work

understanding dictionaries

Dictionaries

example of

functions of

lists vs.

modules similar to

store scenes by name in

die functionif-statement rules

dir -rfind files in Windows

Directories

causes of ImportErrors

“Hello World” web application

Linux/macOS command-line for

skeleton project. See Skeleton project directory

Windows command-line for

Django Tutorial

Documentation

check out projects/build something using

getting help with comments

writing good comments

Dot (.) operator

Double backlash (\\)

Double-quotes. See " (double-quotes)

E

echoprint some arguments

Elementsaccessing list

elif

branches and functions

and else

making decisions

else

branches and functions

and if-statement

making decisions

rules for if-statements

Encodingsbytes/character

env commandlook at your environment

Equal operator. See == (equal) operator

Error messages

building first website

EOFError

ImportError. See ImportErrors

NameError

ParserError

printing

for spaces between triple-quotes

for spelling mistakes

ValueError. See ValueErrors

variable names

viewing output in first program

when making script shorter

Escape sequences

for different characters in strings

practicing

reading and writing files

reviewing

supported by Python

except keywordexceptions

Exceptions

how to raise

and numbers

exists commandcopying files

exit commandexit shell

export commandexport new environment variable

F

f character

embedding variables inside strings

prompting and passing

in readline()

using with functions

False keyword

avoid quotes around

object-oriented reading test

in truth tables

Features

adding to script

also called modules

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)and URLs

Filenames

Files

copying

creating

and functions

Linux/macOS command-line for

reading

reading and writing

Windows command-line for

find commandfiles

First programcreate

flask framework

create basic templates for website

create game engine

fix errors

ImportError after installing

installing for first website

make “Hello World” web application

testing tricks for creating fake sessions

web.py vs.

what is going on

FLASK_DEBUGnot safe to activate on Internet

Flow charts

Folders. See Directories

fooOOP

for-loops

building lists with

rules for

when to use lists

while-loops vs.

forOOP

forfiles

format function

Format strings

formatter.format()

old style

overview of

reading and writing files

.format() syntaxformatting strings

Forms

automated tests for

creating HTML

how they work

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)and URLs

Functions

accessing in module with . (dot) operator

also called methods/commands

branches and

can return something

create checklist for

and files

overview of

practicing

reading code

replicating implicit inheritance

styling

using print vs. return in

and variables

viewing calls

G

Gamestart of your web

creating engine

overview of

refactoring

your final exam

Games

analysis and design. See Object-oriented analysis and design

making your

gothonweb project

analysis of simple game engine

code for

creating layout template

making into first web application

refactoring code/creating web engine to run

Grammarmaking sentences

Greater-than-equal (>=) operator

Greater than (>) operator

grep commandfind things inside files

GUI (graphical user interface)using CLI on

H

Hard coded filenamesavoid

has-a relationships

“Hello World” web application

create basic templates

fixing errors

Help

create system for

getting module

help commandWindows

helpctr commandWindows

Hierarchyclass

hostname

my computer’s network name

understand URLs

HTML

create basic templates for website

create forms

create game engine

improve appearance of

research

understand response

HTTP

requests

research HTTP REC

understand URLs

I

IDLEavoid using

if-elsetry-except vs.

if-statements

branches and functions

else and

loops and lists

make decisions

overview of

read code

rules for

Implicit inheritance

combine with other types of inheritance

composition vs.

overview of

import

add features to script

copy files

file with modules

make a game yourself

objects as similar to

ImportErrors

after installing flask

causes of

create skeleton project directory

Increment by ( +=) operator

Indentation

index()

create game engine

create HTML forms

how forms work

index.GET handler

Inheritance

avoid multiple

object-oriented phrase drill

object-oriented reading test

object-oriented word drill

Inheritance vs. composition

alter behavior before or after

implicit inheritance

override explicitly

overview of

reason for super()

three kinds of inheritance combined

understand composition

understand inheritance

using inheritance vs. composition

using super()with __init__()

__init__ function

initializing newly created empty object

in is-a/has-a relationships

running reliably for parent class

trying not to do too much in

using self when making functions for classes

using super()in

input()

asking questions

entering own values

parameter to ('>')

parametersunpackingvariables

prompting and passing

prompting people

reading files

Inputadvanced user

our game lexicon

overview of

test first challenge

what you should test

Inputgetting from browser

breaking it

creating HTML forms

creating layout template

how forms work

how web works

writing automated tests for forms

 tags

Instance

Instantiation

Internetflask debugger mode not safe on

Internet research

check out projects/try to build something

find things

functions and files

import statement

object-oriented programming

pydoc

reading files

int()functionconverting command line argument strings

IP addressesand URLs

is-a relationships

J

Jinja Documentationtemplate language

K

Keywordslist of

Kivy

L

Layout templatecreate

Learn C The Hard Way

Learn Ruby The Hard Way

len() function

less commandview file in macOS/Linux

Less-than-equal (<=) operator

Less than (<) operator

Lexiconcreating game

make sentences. See Sentencesmaking

overview of

test first challenge

what you should test

Librariesdefined

Linux/macOS

alternative text editors for

get terminal open and working

project skeleton setup

setup exercise

Linux/macOS command-line

catstream file

cdchange directory

cpcopy file or directory

exitexit shell

lessview file

list of commands

lslist directory

mkdirmake directory

mvmove file or directory

pushdpopd (move directory)

pwdprint working directory

rmstream file

rmdirremove directory

Lists

access elements of

build using for-loops

doing things to

making -D

processing lists of things

when to use

localhost

build first website

web connection

Logic

memorizing

practicing Boolean

Loginresearching web application

Lookup tablesdictionaries as

Loops

and lists

for-loops. See for-loops

making infinite

rules for

while-loops. See while-loops

lpthw virtual environmentskeleton project

lslist directory

macOS/Linux

overview of

Windows

M

macOS. See Linux/macOS

main functiondissecting code

manread manual page in macOS/Linux

Map class

gothonweb project code

storing scenes by name in dictionary

Maps

analysis of simple game engine

completing game

with dictionaries

match functionparser code

Math

Memorization

of commands using index cards

learning command line

of logic

tips for

Method resolution order (MRO)super()

Methods

also called functions and commands

functions vs.

Minus(--) operator

mkdirmake directory

macOS/Linux

overview of

Windows

Modifiersreading and writing files

Modules

causes of ImportErrors

getting help for

overview of

replicating implicit inheritance in

using classes vs.

more commandview file in Windows

MRO (method resolution order)super()

Multiple inheritanceavoid

mv commandmove file or directory

macOS/Linux

overview of

Windows

N

NameError message

Names

creating function

define modules

filenames

importance of learning symbol

variable

Natural Language Tool Kit

Nested structures

lists as

rules for if-statements

new-item commandcreate empty files in Windows

Nonefor some functions

nosetests command

automated tests

automated tests for forms

create skeleton project directory

syntax error

not

in Boolean logic

in truth tables

as truth term

Not equal (!=) operator

Nounsobject-oriented programming

Numbers

access elements of lists

exceptions and

index lists into

input to do math

and math

between range of numbers

rounding floating point

O

Object-oriented analysis and design. See also Gamestart of your web

analysis of simple game engine

code classes and test to run them

code for “Gothons from Planet Percal #,” 

create class hierarchy/object map for concepts

extract/research key concepts

overview of

repeat and refine

top down vs. bottom up

what you should see

write or draw about problem

Object-oriented programming (OOP)

inheritance vs. composition. See Inheritance vs. composition

Python as

research

speak

Objects

classes as templates that mint new

make sentences with

object-oriented phrase drill

object-oriented word drill

parser code

similar to import

Octothorpe (#) character

open commandreading and writing files

Operators

finding more Python equality

list of

math

variable name

or

in Boolean logic

in truth tables

as truth term

Ordermaintain with lists

Ordinal numberslists

Output

of first program

“Hello World” web application

override() functioninheritance

P

Pandas

Paragraphsif-statement rules

Parametersreading and writing files

Parent classes. See Inheritance vs. composition

Parser

code

playing with

ParserError exception

Passingprompting and

PEMDAS acronymorder of math operations

Percent (%) operator

Phrase drillsobject-oriented

pip. (or just pip)

create skeleton project directory

install flask to build first website

planisphere.py file

planisphere_tests.py file

Plus (+) operator

popd commandpop directory

macOS/Linux

overview of

Windows

Portsweb connections

POST

automated tests for forms

creating HTML forms

Pound (#) character

PowerShell

create game engine

in first program

references

typing code into

Windows  setup for

print

debug with

read code using

when functions use return vs.

Print strings

with more complicated formatting

more exercises in

using escape sequences

variables

print_a_linepass in current line number

print_line functiondissecting code

print_two functioncreate functions

Programming languages

advice from old programmer

check out projects/try to build something

how to learn new

learning command line. See Command-line crash course

Project skeleton

Prompts

identify in appendix exercises

and passing

people

Prototype languages

Pseudo codetest first using

pushd commandpush directory

macOS/Linux

overview of

Windows

pwd commandprint working directory

macOS/Linux

overview of

Windows

.py filespassing variables to script

pydoc commandprompt people

PyGame

PYTHONPATH environment variable

Q

quit() functionreload Python after

R

raise keywordexceptions

range() functionloops

Raw bytes

read commandread contents of file

Reading

code

code out loud

files

and writing files

Reading code backward

comments and pound characters

defined

printing

reasons for

understanding how to

readline() function

Refactoring code

render_template()function

request.argsforms

Requestsweb

generating types of with curl

learn client side of HTTP

process

understand

Responsesweb

return

functions

object-oriented reading test

when functions use print vs.

rmstream file

rmdir commandremove directory

macOS/Linux

overview of

Windows

Room class

automated tests

create game engine

refactor code for gothonweb game

round() functionfloating point numbers

Rules

for if-statements

for loops

when to use inheritance or composition

runas commanddanger in windows

S

Scanning inputlexicon tuples

Scenes (rooms)

analysis of simple game engine

code classes for simple game

gothonweb project code

making game yourself

what you should see

SciPy

ScraPy

Scripts

linking functions to

making decisions

passing variables to

Search engines

finding things on Internet

how to type # (octothorp) character

seek() function

defined

does not set current line to

research for file

select-string commandfind things inside Windows files

self

__init__ function

is-a/has-a relationships and

object-oriented language

Sentencesmaking

breaking up

exceptions

grammar

match and peek

overview of

parser code

what you should test

Servershow browsers access information on

set commandexport/set new environment variable in Windows

Setup exercise

alternative text editors

finding things on Internet

Linux

macOS

overview of

warnings for beginners

Windows

setup.py fileskeleton project directory

Single-equal (=) operator

Single-quotes. See ' (single-quotes)

Skeleton project directory

automated testing

creating directory structure

macOS/Linux setup

overview of

required quiz

testing setup

using

Windows  setup

skip keywordparser code

Slash (/) character

Space

adding around operators for easier reading

make code readable with vertical

Spelling mistakeserror messages for

Stop wordsparser code

Strings

across multiple lines

complicated formatting of

convert command line arguments to

decode bytes and encode

embed variables inside

exercise in printing

list of escape sequences for

list of old style formats for

lists mixed with

pound characters in

read/write files in

start new line in

and text

understanding

as UTF- encoded sequence of characters

Stringsbytesand character encodings

breaking it

dissect code

dissect output

encodings deep dive

initial research

overview of

switches and conventions

Styling

code

functions and classes

Subject

parser code

of sentences

sudo command

super() functioninheritance

Switches

Symbols

data types

escape sequences for strings

keywords

learning names of

old style string formats

operators

reading code

SyntaxError message

EOL

invalid syntax

prompting and passing

pydoc

viewing output in first program

System site packagessetup for skeleton project

T

Tables

dictionaries as lookup

truth

Templates

create basic

create game engine

create HTML forms

create layout

templates/index.html file

templates/layout.html file

TensorFlow

Terminal

getting open and working

Linux setup

macOS setup

typing code into

what you should see in first program

Windows setup

Terminology

truth

web application

Test casewriting

Test first programming tactic

Test_directions test case

Tests. See also Automated tests

Boolean logic

code for classes in OOP

object-oriented reading

other programmer’s code

session-based game engine

skeleton project directory setup

tricks for creating fake sessions inside

tests/app_tests.py

Test.txt filecopying files

Text

reading files

and strings

Text editors

alternative

getting colors in

Linux setup

macOS setup

Thingsgetting things from

Top down process

OOP design

vs. bottom up

touch commandmake empty files in macOS/Linux

Tracing variablesreading code

Triple-quotes ("""). See """ (triple-quotes)

Triple-single-quotes (''')

True keyword

avoid putting quotes around

object-oriented reading test

in truth tables

as truth term

truncate command

Truth

tables

terms

try-exceptif-else vs.

try keywordexceptions

Tupleslexicon

type commandprint whole file in Windows

U

Underscore (_) character

Unicode

URLs (Uniform Resource Locators)

build first website

create HTML forms

how forms work

overview of

User input. See Inputadvanced user

UserWarningwhen running nosetests

UTF- standard

UTF- standard

comparing UTF-/UTF- to

dissecting output

encoding text in Python

fixing terminal unable to display

strings in Python

V

ValueErrors

and numbers

parameters/unpacking/variables

prompting/passing

Variables

access in module

avoid module or global

and functions

for-loop using undefined

and names

and names/code/functions

passing to script

practicing

printing

prompting and passing

reading code

temporarily inside functions

writing strings with text

.venvs directoryskeleton project setup

Verbs

analyze class hierarchy in OOP

extract key concepts in OOP

make sentences with

parser code

virtualenv

W

Warnings

for beginners

setup

Web

breaking applications

how it works

learn client side of

start of your game. See Gamestart of your web

Websiteyour first

create basic templates

fixing errors

install flask framework

make “Hello World” web application

what is going on

while-loops

overview of

reading code

rules

when to break rule about not using

while Truemake infinite loop

Windows

alternative text editors for

setup exercise

skeleton project directory setup

Windows command-line

catstream file

cpcopy file or directory

exitexit shell

getting PowerShell open and working for

list of commands

lslist directory

macOS setup

moreview file

mvmove file or directory

pushdpopd (move directory)

pwdprint working directory

rmstream file

rmdirremove directory

Word drillsobject-oriented

words.pop function

Write

formulas using functions

and read files

X

xargs commandexecute arguments