Primary analyses were conducted using Review Manager (RevMan), version 5.3 (Nordic Cochrane
RevMan 5 | Cochrane Community
https://community.cochrane.org/help/tools-and-software/revman-5
Subgroup and publication bias analyses were conducted using STATA software, version 13.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).
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/* <![CDATA[ */ var google_conversion_id = 1021624005; var google_conversion_language = "en"; var google_conversion_format = "1"; var google_conversion_color = "ffffff"; var google_conversion_label = "mb-7CNfD-AEQxf2S5wM"; var google_conversion_value = 0; /* ]]> */
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We used qualitative analysis software (ATLAS.ti 5.0, Scientific Software Development, Berlin, Germany) to facilitate data organization and retrieval.
The Golden Rules of Google Searching
Before we discuss Google searching, we should understand some of the basic ground rules:
Google queries are not case sensitive. Google doesn’t care if you type your query in lowercase letters (hackers), uppercase (HACKERS), camel case (hAcKeR), or psycho-case (haCKeR)—the word is always regarded the same way. This is especially important when you’re searching things like source code listings, when the case of the term carries a great deal of meaning for the programmer. The one notable exception is the word or. When used as the Boolean operator, or must be written in uppercase, as OR.
One way to force Google into using common words is to include them in quotes. Doing so submits the search as a phrase, and results will include all the words in the term, regardless of how common they may be. You can also precede the term with a + sign, as in the query +and. Submitted without the quotes, taking care not to put a space between the + and the word and, this search returns nearly five billion results!
Underground Googling…
Super-Size That Search!
One very interesting search is the search for of*. This search produces somewhere in the neighborhood of eighteen billion search results, making it one of the most prolific searches known! Can you top this search?
image 32–word limit Google limits searches to 32 words, which is up from the previous limit often words. This includes search terms as well as advanced operators, which we’ll discuss in a moment. While this is sufficient for most users, there are ways to get beyond that limit. One way is to replace some terms with the wildcard character (*). Google does not count the wildcard character as a search term, allowing you to extend your searches quite a bit. Consider a query for the wording of the beginning of the U.S. Constitution:
we the people of the united states in order to form a more perfect union establish justice
Underground Googling…
Bad Form on Purpose
In some cases, there’s nothing wrong with using poor Google syntax in a search. If Google safely ignores part of a human-friendly query, leave it alone. The human readers will thank you!
Quick Hex Conversions
To quickly determine hex codes for a character, you can run an American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) from a UNIX or Linux machine, or Google for the term “ascii table.”
Sticky Subject
The hl value is sticky! This means that if you change this value in your URL, it sticks for future searches. The best way to change it back is through Google preferences or by changing the hl code directly inside the URL.
intitle, allintitle
image inurl, allinurl
image filetype
image allintext
image site
image link
image inanchor
image daterange
image cache
image info
image related
image phonebook
image rphonebook
image bphonebook
image author
image group
image msgid
image insubject
image stocks
image define
Advanced operators are additions to a query designed to narrow down the search results. Although they re relatively easy to use, they have a fairly rigid syntax that must be followed. The basic syntax of an advanced operator is operator:search_term. When using advanced operators, keep in mind the following:
image There is no space between the operator, the colon, and the search term. Violating this syntax can produce undesired results and will keep Google from understanding what it is you’re trying to do. In most cases, Google will treat a syntactically bad advanced operator as just another search term. For example, providing the advanced operator intitle without a following colon and search term will cause Google to return pages that contain the word intitle.
image The search term portion of an operator search follows the syntax discussed in the previous chapter. For example, a search term can be a single word or a phrase surrounded by quotes. If you use a phrase, just make sure there are no spaces between the operator, the colon, and the first quote of the phrase.
image Boolean operators and special characters (such as OR and +) can still be applied to advanced operator queries, but be sure they don’t get in the way of the separating colon.
image Advanced operators can be combined in a single query as long as you honor both the basic Google query syntax as well as the advanced operator syntax. Some advanced operators combine better than others, and some simply cannot be combined. We will take a look at these limitations later in this chapter.
image The ALL operators (the operators beginning with the word ALL) are oddballs. They are generally used once per query and cannot be mixed with other operators.
Examples of valid queries that use advanced operators include these:
image intitle: Google This query will return pages that have the word Google in their title.
image intitle: “index of” This query will return pages that have the phrase index of in their title. Remember from the previous chapter that this query could also be given as intitle:index.of, since the period serves as any character. This technique also makes it easy to supply a phrase without having to type the spaces and the quotation marks around the phrase.
image intitle: “index of” private This query will return pages that have the phrase index of in their title and also have the word private anywhere in the page, including in the URL, the title, the text, and so on. Notice that intitle only applies to the phrase index of and not the word private, since the first unquoted space follows the phrase index of. Google interprets that space as the end of your advanced operator search term and continues processing the rest of the query.
image intitle: “index of” “backup files” This query will return pages that have the phrase index of in their title and the phrase backup files anywhere in the page, including the URL, the title, the text, and so on. Again, notice that intitle only applies to the phrase index of.
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