Medical disparities

Provider Resources

Refugee and Asylum seekers information

• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, www.unhcr.ch; the U.S. Committee on Refugees, www.refugees.org; and Relief Web, www.reliefweb.org.
• Doctors Without Borders, www.doctorswithoutborders.org.

Access and Advocacy

• Institute of Medicine, http://www.iom.edu/.
• Physicians for a National Health Plan, www.pnhp.org.
• American Academy of Family Physicians, http://www.aafp.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/online/en/home/policy.html.
• Kaiser Family Foundation, http://www.kff.org/uninsured/index.cfm.
• Amputee Coalition of America, http://www.amputee-coalition.org/.

Disabled Persons

• U.S. Department of Justice, www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/cguide.htm.
• Social Security Administration, www.ssa.gov/disability/ (information on benefits).
• Information on sports events for the disabled, www.dsusa.org.
• https://www.disability.gov/.

Homeless

• National Coalition for the Homeless, http://www.nationalhomeless.org/.
• National Alliance to End Homelessness, http://www.naeh.org/.
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, http://www.hud.gov/homeless/index.cfm.
• Veterans Affairs, http://www1.va.gov/homeless/.
• Student-run Free Clinics in San Antonio, http://www.studentrunclinics.org/.
• The Society of Student-run Free Clinics, http://www.studentrunfreeclinics.org/.
• Haven for Hope, http://www.havenforhope.org/.

Underrepresented Minorities in Healthcare

• Association of American Medical Colleges, www.aamc.org/students/minorities/.
• American Medical Student Association, http://www.amsa.org/AMSA/Homepage/About/Priorities/Diversity.aspx.

References

1. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c11.html, accessed April 26, 2012. 

2. Center for Disease Control (CDC), http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/gdder/ierh/FAQ.htm#What health issues are most important early in an emergency?, accessed April 26, 2012. 

3. United States Census. Highlights 2010, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/data/incpovhlth/2010/highlights.html, accessed April 2012. 

4. DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Smith JC. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-239, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2011. 

5. Statement of the American College of Physicians to the Ways and Means Committee, Subcommittee on Health (March 9, 2004), http://www.acponline.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/advocacy/where_we_stand/access/way_means04.pdf, accessed May 1, 2012. 

6. Institute of Medicine: Fact Sheet 5. Uninsurance Facts and Figures, http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2004/Insuring-Americas-Health-Principles-and-Recommendations/Factsheet5Quality.pdf, accessed May 1, 2012. 

7. Himmelstein DU, Thorne D, Warren E, Woolhandler S. Medical bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: results of a national study. Am J Med. 2009;122(8):741-746.  [PubMed: 19501347] 

8. Ziegler-Graham K, MacKenzie EJ, Ephraim PL, et al. Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United States: 2005 to 2050. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(3):422-429.  [PubMed: 18295618] 

9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hospital discharge rates for nontraumatic lower extremity amputation by diabetes status—United States, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50(43):954-958. 

10. Disparities in Health and Health Care Among Medicare Beneficiaries, http://www.rwjf.org/pr/product.jsp?id=31251, accessed April 2012. 

11. Robbins JM, Strauss G, Aron D, et al. Mortality rates and diabetic foot ulcers. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2008;98(6):489-493.  [PubMed: 19017860] 

12. Hanzlick R. Office of the Fulton County Medical Examiner. Surveillance and Programs Br, Div of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, Center for Environmental Health, CDC. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1987;36(19):297-299. 

13. UNHCR 2011 Refugee Statistics: Full Data, http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2011/jun/20/refugee-statistics-unhcr-data, accessed May 2012. 

14. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2012 Regional Operations Profile - North America and the Caribbean, http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e492086&submit= GO, accessed April 2012. 

15. Torture Victims Relief Act of 1998, 18 USC 2340. 

16. Bradley L, Tawfig N. The physical and psychological effects of torture in Kurds seeking asylum in the United Kingdom. Torture 2006;16(1):41-47.  [PubMed: 17460346] 

17. Piwowarczyk L. Asylum seekers seeking mental health services in the United States: clinical and legal implications. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195(9):715-722.  [PubMed: 17984770] 

18. Eisenman DP, Gelberg L, Liu H, et al. Mental health and health-related quality of life among adult Latino primary care patients living in the United States with previous exposure to political violence. JAMA. 2003;290(5):627-634. [PubMed: 12902366] 

19. Asgary RG, Metalios EE, Smith CL, et al. Evaluating asylum seekers/torture survivors in urban primary care: A collaborative approach at the Bronx Human Rights Clinic. Health Hum Rights 2006;9(2):164-179.  [PubMed: 17265759] 

20. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Improve the Health and Wellness of Persons with Disabilities. Rockville, MD: Public Health Service; 2005, http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/disabilities/calltoaction/calltoaction.pdf, accessed April 25, 2007. 

21. Prevalence of disabilities and associated health conditions among adults—United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50(07):120-125. 

22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Prevention Information Network, http://www.cdcnpin.org/scripts/population/homeless.asp, accessed May 1, 2012. 

23. National Resource Center on Homelessness and Mental Illness. Who Is Homeless? Newton, MA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration; 2003, http://homeless.samhsa.gov/Resource/View.aspx?id=32511. 

24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Enumerating deaths among homeless persons: comparison of medical examiner data and shelter-based reports—Fulton County, Georgia, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993;42(37):719, 725-726. 

25. Diversity in the Physician Workforce: Facts & Figures 2010, https://members.aamc.org/eweb/upload/Diversity%20in%20the%20Physician%20Workforce%20Facts%20and%20Figures%202010.pdf, accessed May 1, 2012. 

26. Minorities in Medical Education: Facts & Figures 2005, https://members.aamc.org/eweb/upload/Minorities%20in%20Medical%20Education%20Facts%20and%20Figures%202005.pdf, accessed May 1, 2012.