ડાયબીટીઝને અટકાવવા માટે આજ જ આ નાના પગલાઓ લો

ડાયબીટીઝને અટકાવવા માટે આજ જ આ નાના પગલાઓ લો

શું તમે જોખમમાં છે, જેની જાણકારી કરો, જે

ભારતીયો વધારે વજનવાળા છે તેઓ પ્રકાર 2 ના | ડાયશ્નોટીઝ માટે ઉંચાં જોખમમાં છે, તમારા જોખમ વિષે તમારા સ્વાસ્થ સંભાળની સેવા

પ્રદાતા સાથે વાત કરો, વધારે જાણવા માટે, બીજા પાના પરનો જોખમ વજનનો ચાર્ટ જુઓ.

થોડું વજન ઓછું કરો. વધારે વજનવાળા હોવાથી તમને

પ્રકાર 2 ના ડાયટીઝ માટે ઉચાં જોખમમાં મુકે છે. તમે તમારા માટે જ વજનને સામાન્ય વિચારતાં હો તે કદાચ તંદુરસ્ત ન પણ હોય, શું

તમારું વજન તમને ડાયબોટી માટે જોખમમાં મુકે છે તે જોવા માટે બીજી બાજુ ઉપરના આલેખને તપાસૌ, તમારા પૃત રી કરી. દરરોજ તમે જે મધ વસ્ત 10 પાઉન્ડઝ લું વજન ગુમાવવાથી તમારા જોખમને

ખાતાં અને પીતાં હોવ અને તર્મ જેટલો મિનિટ ધટાડવામાં મદદ મળી શકે છે. તને વધારે પ્રવૃત રહીને અને

પ્રવૃત હોવ તે લખી. વજન ગુમાવવા માટે અને સ્વીદાયક ખાઇને આ કરી શકો છે ,

વજન ગુમાવવાનું ચાલુ રાખવા માટે ડાયરી

રાખવો એ એક ઉત્તમ માર્ગ છે, વધારે પ્રવૃત રહો. એવી પ્રવૃત્તિ પસંદ કરો જેમાં તમને

તેને જાળવી રાખો. દરેક અઠવાડિયે એક નવો બદલાવ આનંદ મળે છે. ચાલો, તરો, સાયકલ ચલાવો,

કરો. જો તમે ધારેલા માર્ગથી દુર થાય છે, તો ફરીથી શરૂઆત નાચો, અથવા તે મારા કાળને સાથે કોલથી રનો. કરો અને કરતાં રહો. 5 | દિવસમાં 30 મિનિટ્સ, અઠવાડિયામાં 5 દિવસો શારીરિક રીતે પ્રવૃત્ત રહો,

વધારે જાણવા માટે 1-800-438-5383 પર કોલ

કરી (ફક્ત એજી હોલનારીઓ માટે). સ્વાચ્યદાયક ખોરાક ખાઓ. તંદુરસ્ત ખોરાક ખાવાની

રાષ્ટ્રીય ડાયનોટીઝ શિક્ષણ કાર્યકમ તમને મદદ | પસંદગી કરી અને ઓછું ભજનને જમો.

કરી શકશે. પ્રકાર 2 ના ડાયલીટીઝ અટકાવવા ચરબીયુક્ત અને તળેલા ખોરાકમાં કાપ મુક.

માટે તમારા મફત ગેમ પ્લાન માટે કોલ કરો. વધાર ફળો અને શાકભાજીઓ, દાળ, કઠોળ, અને એને પૂછી, ડાયબીટી વિષે ગુજરાતમાં માહિતી માટે આખા ધાન્ય પસંદ કરો.

www.ndep.nih.gov ઉપર જુઓ .

www.ndep.nih.gov

એના ફાયદા જીવનપર્યત રહેશે.

डायबिटीज़ से बचे रहने के लिए इसी वक्त ये छोटे कदम उठाएँ

डायबिटीज़ से बचे रहने के लिए इसी वक्त ये छोटे कदम उठाएँ
पता करें कि आपको बीमारी होने का कितना खतरा है।
। अगर आप भारतीय हैं और आपका वजन ज्यादा रहता
है, तो आपको टाइप 2 डायबिटीज़ होने की अधिक
संभावना है। खास तौर से अपना जोखिम समझने के लिए अपने स्वास्थ्य सेवक से बात करें। अतिरिक्त जानकारी के लिए पन्ना पलट कर जोखिम चार्ट देखें।
थोड़ा सा वजन घटाएँ। अगर आपका वजन ज़्यादा रहता है, तो ।
आपको टाइप 2 डायबिटीज़ होने की अधिक संभावना है। हो सकता है कि आप खुद के लिए जिस वजन को
ठीक समझते हैं, वास्तव में वो आपके लिए ठीक वजन नहीं है। पन्ना पलट कर चार्ट देखिए कि आपके वजन के कारण क्या आपको डायबिटीज़ होने का ज़्यादा खतरा है। बस 10 पाउंड वजन कम कर देने से ही आपका जोखिम घटाया जा सकता है। स्वस्थ भोजन खाकर और अधिक गतिशील रहकर ऐसा किया जा सकता है।
अपनी प्रगति के बारे में लिख कर रखें। हर रोज़ नोट करें कि
आपने क्या क्या खाया, पिया और कितने मिनट के लिए गतिशील रहे। वजन घटाने, और इसे घटाए रखने का एक सबसे अच्छा तरीका यह है कि आप एक डायरी रखें।

Ketamine nasal Spray for treatment of depression

Ketamine use in Depression

The study drug was formulated as a 10% aqueous solution of ketamine hydrochloride with 0.002% benzalkonium chloride (vehicle) in a nasal spray pump. The study drug was prepared to be applied intranasally using a 0.1 ml metered nasal spray pump attached to a 20 ml reservoir bottle. Each spray delivered a total of 10 mg of ketamine hydrochloride

Safety and efficacy of intranasal ketamine for the treatment of breakthrough pain in patients with chronic pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study Daniel B. Carra,b,*, Leonidas C. Goudasa , William T. Denmana , Daniel Brookoffc , Peter S. Staatsd , Loralie Brennena , Geoff Greene , Randi Albine , Douglas Hamiltone , Mark C. Rogerse , Leonard Firestonee , Philip T. Lavinf , Fred Mermelsteine,* a Department of Anesthesia, Box 298, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA b Department of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA c Methodist Comprehensive Pain Institute, Methodist Hospital, Memphis, TN 38104, USA d Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA e Innovative Drug Delivery Systems (IDDS), Inc., 787 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10019, USA f Averion, Inc., 4 California Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA Received 19 March 2003; received in revised form 23 June 2003; accepted 1 October 2003

Neuropsychiatric disorders[edit]

In 2010, the FDA approved the combination drug dextromethorphan/quinidine for the treatment of pseudobulbar affect (emotional instability). Dextromethorphan is the actual therapeutic agent in the combination; quinidine merely serves to inhibit the enzymatic degradation of dextromethorphan and thereby increase its circulating concentrations via inhibition of CYP2D6.^[10]

In 2016, the ASA released a promising study with the combination of dextromethorphan with pregabalin, acetaminophen, and naproxen which showed a decrease in postoperative pain intensity (preemptive analgesia).^[11]

Inadvertent ketamine overdose in children: Clinical manifestations and outcome1

MD Steven M Green

,

MD Richard Clark

,

MD Mark A Hostetler

,

MS Michael Cohen

,

MD Douglas Carlson

,

MDSteven G Rothrock

PlumX Metrics

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(99)80051-1

• Abstract

• References

Study objective: We sought to characterize the clinical manifestations, outcome, and etiology of inadvertent ketamine overdose in the emergency department.

Methods: We investigated cases of inadvertent ketamine overdose in children seen in the ED solicited through electronic mail subscription lists or reported to the Institute for Safe Medication Practices. The clinical manifestations, outcome, and reported cause for each case are described.

Results: We identified 9 cases of inadvertent ketamine overdose in children treated in the ED. Patients received either 5 (n=3), 10(n=5), or 100 (n=1) times the intended dose, either by the intramuscular (n=5) or intravenous (n=4) route. All 9 experienced prolonged sedation (3 to 24 hours). Four experienced brief respiratory depression shortly after administration, and assisted ventilation was performed in 2. Two children without respiratory difficulty or hypoxemia were intubated by their physicians as a precaution. In 5 children, the dosing error was not discovered until late in the sedation, often when the child was not waking at the expected time. No adverse outcomes were noted, and all children were normal neurologically on discharge and longer-term follow-up if available.

Conclusion: No adverse outcomes were noted in 9 healthy children treated in the ED who inadvertently received 5 to 100 times the intended dose of ketamine. Toxicity manifested as prolonged sedation in all 9 and brief respiratory depression in 4. The margin of safety in ketamine overdose may be wide, although less common and more serious outcomes cannot be excluded by this small, self-reported sample.

Original Articles

Ketamine-Induced Exacerbation of Psychotic Symptoms and Cognitive Impairment in Neuroleptic-Free Schizophrenics

Author links open overlay panelAnil K.Malhotra, M.DaDebra A.Pinals, M.DaCaleb M.Adler, M.DaIgorElman, M.DaAllanClifton, B.AaDavidPickar, M.DaAlanBreier, M.Da

Show more

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00036-5Get rights and content

Abstract

The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We administered subanesthetic doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine in a double-blind, placebo–controlled design to 13 neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients to investigate if schizophrenics will experience an exacerbation of psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairments with ketamine. We also examined whether schizophrenics experienced quantitative or qualitative differences in ketamine response in comparison to normal controls. Schizophrenics experienced a brief ketamine-induced exacerbation of positive and negative symptoms with further decrements in recall and recognition memory. They also displayed greater ketamine-induced impairments in free recall than normals. Qualitative differences included auditory hallucinations and paranoia in patients but not in normals. These data indicate that ketamine is associated with exacerbation of core psychotic and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Moreover, ketamine may differentially affect cognition in schizophrenics in comparison to normal controls.

A randomized controlled trial of intranasal ketamine in major depressive disorder

KAB Lapidus, CF Levitch, AM Perez… - Biological …, 2014 - biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com

Background The N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist ketamine, delivered 

via an intravenous route, has shown rapid antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-

resistant depression. The current study was designed to test the safety, tolerability, and …

  Cited by 182 Related articles All 11 versions

[PDF] neurology.org

Aura in some patients with familial hemiplegic migraine can be stopped by intranasal ketamine

H Kaube, J Herzog, T Käufer, M Dichgans, HC Diener - Neurology, 2000 - AAN Enterprises

… Aura in some patients with familial hemiplegic migraine can be stopped by intranasal

ketamine … The effect of ketamine (25 mg intranasally) was studied in 11 patients with severe,

disabling auras resulting from familial hemiplegic migraine …

  Cited by 179 Related articles All 9 versions

[PDF] rsds.org

Safety and efficacy of intranasal ketamine for the treatment of breakthrough pain in patients with chronic pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled …

DB Carr, LC Goudas, WT Denman, D Brookoff… - Pain, 2004 - Elsevier

… The study drug was prepared to be applied intranasally using a 0.1 ml metered nasal spray

pump attached to a 20 ml reservoir bottle … The primary endpoint of the study was the mean NPIS

score following intranasal administration of ketamine and placebo …

  Cited by 160 Related articles All 13 versions

[HTML] umn.edu

A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of ketamine in the rapid treatment of major depressive episodes

A McGirr, MT Berlim, DJ Bond, MP Fleck… - Psychological …, 2015 - cambridge.org

… were synthesized from seven RCTs employing an intravenous infusion and one RCT employing

intranasal ketamine, representing 73 … 4.87, NNT=4). A standardized mean difference of 0.90 in favor

of ketamine was observed at 24 h based on depression rating scale …

  Cited by 138 Related articles All 10 versions

[PDF] semanticscholar.org

[PDF] Intranasal drug delivery in neuropsychiatry: focus on intranasal ketamine for refractory depression

C Andrade - The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2015 - pdfs.semanticscholar.org

Intranasal drug delivery (INDD) systems offer a route to the brain that bypasses problems 

related to gastrointestinal absorption, first-pass metabolism, and the blood-brain barrier; 

onset of therapeutic action is rapid, and the inconvenience and discomfort of parenteral …

  Cited by 23 Related articles All 3 versions

[HTML] neurology.org

A randomized controlled trial of intranasal ketamine in migraine with prolonged aura

SK Afridi, NJ Giffin, H Kaube, PJ Goadsby - Neurology, 2013 - AAN Enterprises

… of glutamatergic mechanisms in migraine aura and offer a pharmacologic parallel between animal

experimental work on cortical spreading depression and the clinical problem. Classification of

evidence: This study provides Class III evidence that intranasal ketamine is effective …

  Cited by 70 Related articles All 7 versions

Intranasal ketamine preinduction of paediatric outpatients

J DIAZ - Pediatric Anesthesia, 1997 - Wiley Online Library

… Intranasal ketamine premedication, 3mg·kg−1, and oxyhaemoglobin desaturation (4,9). Sufentanil

may also induce nausea and vomiting after intranasal … premedication. Intranasally administered

midazolam has a pungent odour, tastes bad, and can cause topical …

  Cited by 47 Related articles All 4 versions

[PDF] semanticscholar.org

Clinical experience using intranasal ketamine in the treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder/fear of harm phenotype

DF Papolos, MH Teicher, GL Faedda… - Journal of affective …, 2013 - jad-journal.com

… a rapid, robust, and relatively sustained antidepressant effect in adults with treatment-resistant

unipolar and bipolar depression (Zarate et … Subjects were given a racemic mixture of intranasal

ketamine compounded in a 100 mg/ml solution and delivered intranasally in metered …

  Cited by 40 Related articles All 12 versions

[HTML] nih.gov

Ketamine for depression: where do we go from here?

M Aan Het Rot, CA Zarate, DS Charney… - Biological …, 2012 - jhltonline.org

… N represents the number of patients who actually received ketamine … Beck Depression Inventory;

HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; IM, intramuscular; IV, intravenous; MADRS,

Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; MDD, major depressive disorder; QIDS …

  Cited by 207 Related articles All 13 versions

[HTML] nih.gov

Ketamine for treatment-resistant unipolar depression

SJ Mathew, A Shah, K Lapidus, C Clark, N Jarun… - CNS drugs, 2012 - Springer

… Intranasal ketamine administration has also been investigated for varied indications … of ketamine

administration may facilitate rapid antidepressant response in depression based on a …

pharmacokinetic parameters and different routes of administration of ketamine in depressed …

  Cited by 130 Related articles All 14 versions

The Legalities and Ethics of Web Scraping glossary

C: The Legalities and Ethics of Web Scraping
Index
Symbols
" (quotation marks), 17
$ (dollar sign), 27
() (parentheses), 25
* (asterisk), 25, 157
+ (plus sign), 25
- (hyphen), 113
. (period), 25
403 Forbidden error, 187
404 Page Not Found error, 9
500 Internal Server Error, 9
; (semicolon), 210
?! (does not contain), 27
[] (square brackets), 25
\ (forward slash), 27
^ (caret), 27
_ (underscore), 17
| (pipe), 25
A
a tag, 28, 156
Accept header, 179
Accept-Encoding header, 179
Accept-Language header, 179
action chains, 195
ActionScript , 147
add_cookie function, 182
Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML),
151-152
API keys
Echo Nest example, 52, 54
Google example, 60-63
Twitter example, 56
APIs
about, 49-50, 68
authentication and, 52
common conventions, 50-52
Echo Nest example, 52, 54-55
Google examples, 50, 60-63
HTTP methods and, 51
parsing JSON, 63
responses , 52
Twitter example, 55-59
Wikipedia example, 64
ASCII character encoding, 95-98
assertions (unit tests), 190
asterisk (*), 25, 157
Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax),
151-152
AttributeError exception, 10
attributes
accessing, 14, 28
finding tags based on, 15-18
Auernheimer, Andrew, 227
auth module, 144
authentication
about, 52
handling logins, 142-144
HTTP basic access, 144
Twitter example, 57
B
backing up data, 172
BeautifulSoup library
about, 6
children() function, 20
descendants() function, 20
find() function, 16-18
231
findAll() function, 15-18, 28
get_text() function, 15
installing, 6
next_siblings() function, 21
previous_siblings() function, 21
regular expressions and, 27
running, 8
searching for tags, 14-22
XPath and, 157
BeautifulSoup object, 15, 18, 192
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary
and Artistic Works, 218
body tag, 215
.box file extension, 171
building web scrapers
advanced HTML parsing, 13-29
crawling across the Web, 31-48
first web scraper, 3-11
reading documents, 93
storing data, 71-91
using APIs, 49-69
By object, 155
BytesIO object, 103
C
CAPTCHA characters
about, 161, 169-171
dragging, 197
machine training and, 135, 171-174
retrieving, 174-176
caret (^), 27
Carroll , Lewis, 6
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
about, 14, 216
dynamic HTML and, 151
hidden fields and, 184
CGI (Common Gateway Interface), 204
checklist, human, 186
children (tags), 20
children() function, 20
Chrome developer tool , 141
class attribute, 14, 17, 156
cleaning dirty data
cleaning after the fact, 113-118
cleaning in code, 109-113
client-side processing
handling redirects, 44, 158
scripting languages and, 147
cloud computing, 204
colorpickers, 140
comma-separated values (CSV) files
reading, 98-100
storing data to, 74-76
Comment object, 18
Common Gateway Interface (CGI), 204
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act , 221, 227-229
Connection header, 179
Connection object, 83
connection/cursor model, 83
context-free grammars, 135
cookies
handling, 142-143, 181-182
verifying settings, 179
copyright law, 218-219, 229
cPanel software, 204
crawling across the Web (see web crawlers)
CREATE DATABASE statement, 80
CREATE INDEX statement, 86
CREATE TABLE statement, 80
credentials
Google accounts, 60
Twitter accounts, 58
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
about, 14, 216
dynamic HTML and, 151
hidden fields and, 184
CSV (comma-separated values) files
reading , 98-100
storing data to, 74-76
csv library, 98-100
Cursor object, 83
D
Dark Web, 36
data gathering, 36, 38-40
data management
about, 71
email and, 90-91
MySQL and, 76-89
storing data to CSV, 74-76
storing media files, 71-74
data normalization, 112-113
data warehouses, 40
database size versus query time, 86
Davies, Mark, 121
deactivate command, 8
Deep Web, 36
DELETE method (HTTP), 51
232 | Index
DELETE statement, 82
delete_all_cookies function, 182
delete_cookie function, 182
delimiters, 74
descendants (tags), 20
descendants() function, 20
DESCRIBE statement, 80
DHTML (dynamic HTML), 151-152
dictionaries, 85
DictReader object, 100
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA),
219
directed graph problems, 126
display:none attribute, 185
distributed computing, 201
DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act),
219
.doc format, 102
documents, reading (see reading documents)
.docx format, 102-105
dollar sign ($), 27
downloading files from Internet, 74
drag-and-drop interfaces, 196
dynamic HTML (DHTML), 151-152
E
Easter Egg, 210
eBay v. Bidder's Edge, 226
Echo Nest API, 52, 54-55
EditThisCookie Chrome extension, 181
elements (Selenium), 153, 194
email
identifying addresses, 24
sending and receiving, 90-91
email package, 90
encoding (document)
about, 93
text files and, 94-98
environment variables, 163
escape characters, 27, 110
ethical guidelines, 177-178, 217-230
exception handling
external links, 43
handling redirects, 158
network connections, 9
suggestions for, 35, 40
explicit wait, 155
eXtensible Markup Language (XML), 52
external links
cautions using, 41
crawling across the Internet, 40-45
crawling with Scrapy, 45-48
finding, 42
F
Facebook social media site, 217
fair use clause, 219
fast scraping, 182, 187
Fibonacci sequence, 149
Field v. Google, 229
file attribute, 141
File object, 142
file uploads, 141
filtering data, 115-116, 165
finally statement, 85
find() function , 16-18
findAll() function, 15-18, 28
for loops, 39
forms
about, 137
file uploads and, 141
handling logins and cookies, 142-144
hidden fields in, 183-186
images in, 141, 161
input fields supported, 140
malicious bots, 144
security considerations, 183-186
submitting basic, 138-140
forward slash (\), 27
frequency distributions, 131-132
functions
handling in JavaScript, 148
lambda expressions and, 28
G
gathering data, 36, 38-40
GET method (HTTP)
about, 51
Google example, 62
retrieving data , 53
tracking requests, 140
get_cookies function, 181
get_text() function, 15
Google
API examples, 50, 60-63
building, 40
Markov model example, 124
Google Analytics, 150, 181
Index | 233
Google Maps , 150
GREL (OpenRefine Expression Language), 116
H
h1 tag, 9, 39
head tag, 98, 215
headers (HTTP), 179-180, 187
hidden fields in forms, 183-186
Homebrew package manager, 78
homonyms, 133
honeypots, 184-186
Host header, 179
hotlinking, 72
href attribute, 28
HTML (HyperText Markup Language), 215
HTML Parser library, 29
HTML parsing
accessing attributes, 28
avoiding the need for, 13
BeautifulSoup example, 14-22
lambda expressions, 28
regular expressions, 22-28
html tag, 215
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
API functionality and, 50
basic access authentication, 144
error handling, 9, 187
headers supported, 179-180
methods supported, 51
HTTPBasicAuth object, 144
human checklist, 186
HyperText Markup Language (HTML), 215
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (see HTTP)
hyphen (-), 113
I
id attribute, 156
image processing
scraping text from images, 166-169
submitting image files, 141
text recognition and, 161-176
img tag, 28
implicit wait, 155
indexing, 85
Innes, Nick, 100
input tag, 141
INSERT INTO statement, 81, 84
Intel Corp v. Hamidi, 227
intellectual property, 217-219
internal links
crawling an entire site, 35-40
crawling with Scrapy, 45-48
traversing a single domain, 31-35
Internet
about, 213-216
cautions downloading files from, 74
crawling across, 40-45
moving forward, 206
IP address blocking, avoiding, 199-200
ISO character sets, 96-98
is_displayed function, 186
Item object, 46, 48
items.py file, 46
J
JavaScript
about, 147-149
common libraries, 149-151
executing with Selenium, 152-156
handling redirects, 158
importing files, 14
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
about, 52
parsing, 63
jQuery library, 149
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
about, 52
parsing, 63
K
Kerr, Orin, 228
keywords, 17
L
lambda expressions, 28, 74
legalities of web scraping, 217-230
lexicographical analysis with NLTK, 132-136
libraries
bundling with projects, 7
OCR support, 161-164
logging with Scrapy, 48
logins
about, 137
handling, 142-143
troubleshooting, 187
lxml library, 29
234 | Index
M
machine learning, 135, 180
machine training, 135, 171-174
Markov text generators, 123-129
media files, storing, 71-74
Mersenne Twister algorithm, 34
methods (HTTP), 51
Microsoft SQL Server, 76
Microsoft Word, 102-105
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Exten‐
sions) protocol, 90
MIMEText object, 90
MySQL
about, 76
basic commands, 79-82
database techniques, 85-87
installing, 77-79
integrating with Python, 82-85
Wikipedia example, 87-89
N
name attribute, 140
natural language processing
about, 119
additional resources, 136
Markov models, 123-129
Natural Language Toolkit, 129-136
summarizing data, 120-123
Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)
about, 129
installation and setup, 129
lexicographical analysis, 132-136
statistical analysis, 130-132
NavigableString object, 18
navigating trees, 18-22
network connections
about, 3-5
connecting reliably, 9-11
security considerations, 181
next_siblings() function, 21
ngrams module, 132
n-grams, 109-112, 120
NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit)
about, 129
installation and setup, 129
lexicographical analysis, 132-136
statistical analysis, 130-132
NLTK Downloader interface, 130
NLTK module, 129
None object, 10
normalizing data, 112-113
NumPy library, 164
O
OAuth authentication, 57
OCR (optical character recognition)
about, 161
library support, 162-164
OpenRefine Expression Language (GREL), 116
OpenRefine tool
about, 114
cleaning data, 116-118
filtering data, 115-116
installing, 114
usage considerations, 114
optical character recognition (OCR)
about, 161
library support, 162-164
Oracle DBMS, 76
OrderedDict object, 112
os module, 74
P
page load times, 154, 182
parentheses (), 25
parents (tags), 20, 22
parsing HTML pages (see HTML parsing)
parsing JSON, 63
patents, 217
pay-per-hour computing instances, 205
PDF files, 100-102
PDFMiner3K library, 101
Penn Treebank Project, 133
period (.), 25
Peters, Tim, 211
PhantomJS tool, 152-155, 203
PIL (Python Imaging Library), 162
Pillow library
about, 162
processing well-formatted text, 165-169
pipe (|), 25
plus sign (+), 25
POST method (HTTP)
about, 51
tracking requests, 140
troubleshooting, 186
variable names and, 138
viewing form parameters, 140
Index | 235
previous_siblings() function, 21
primary keys in tables, 85
programming languages, regular expressions
and, 27
projects, bundling with libraries, 7
pseudorandom number generators, 34
PUT method (HTTP), 51
PyMySQL library, 82-85
PySocks module, 202
Python Imaging Library (PIL), 162
Python language, installing, 209-211
Q
query time versus database size, 86
quotation marks ("), 17
R
random number generators, 34
random seeds, 34
rate limits
about, 52
Google APIs, 60
Twitter API, 55
reading documents
document encoding, 93
Microsoft Word, 102-105
PDF files, 100
text files, 94-98
recursion limit, 38, 89
redirects, 44, 158
Referrer header, 179
RegexPal website, 24
regular expressions
about, 22-27
BeautifulSoup example, 27
commonly used symbols, 25
programming languages and, 27
relational data, 77
remote hosting
running from a website hosting account,
203
running from the cloud, 204
remote servers
avoiding IP address blocking, 199-200
extensibility and, 200
portability and, 200
PySocks and, 202
Tor and, 201-202
Requests library
about, 137
auth module, 144
installing, 138, 179
submitting forms, 138
tracking cookies, 142-143
requests module, 179-181
responses, API calls and, 52
Robots Exclusion Standard, 223
robots.txt file, 138, 167, 222-225, 229
S
safe harbor protection, 219, 230
Scrapy library, 45-48
screenshots, 197
script tag, 147
search engine optimization (SEO), 222
searching text data, 135
security considerations
copyright law and, 219
forms and, 183-186
handling cookies, 181
SELECT statement, 79, 81
Selenium library
about, 143
elements and, 153, 194
executing JavaScript, 152-156
handling redirects, 158
security considerations, 185
testing example, 193-198
Tor support, 203
semicolon (;), 210
SEO (search engine optimization), 222
server-side processing
handling redirects, 44, 158
scripting languages and, 147
sets, 67
siblings (tags), 21
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 90
site maps, 36
Six Degrees of Wikipedia, 31-35
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), 90
smtplib package, 90
sorted function, 112
span tag, 15
Spitler, Daniel, 227
SQL Server (Microsoft), 76
square brackets [], 25
src attribute, 28, 72, 74
StaleElementReferenceException, 158
236 | Index
statistical analysis with NLTK, 130-132
storing data (see data management)
StringIO object, 99
strings, regular expressions and, 22-28
stylesheets
about, 14, 216
dynamic HTML and, 151
hidden fields and, 184
Surface Web, 36
T
tables
creating in databases, 80
inserting data into, 81
primary keys and, 85
Wikipedia example, 88
Tag object, 18
tags
accessing attributes, 14, 28
finding based on location in document,
18-22
finding based on name and attribute, 15-18
preserving, 15
Terms of Service, 222-225
Tesseract library
about, 163
installing, 163
processing well-formatted text, 164-169
training, 171-174
Tesseract OCR Chopper tool, 171
testing
about, 189
Selenium example, 193-198
unit tests, 190, 197
unittest module, 190, 197
Wikipedia example, 191-193
Text object, 130
text processing
image-to-text translation, 161-176
reading text files, 94-98
scraping text from images, 166-169
searching text data, 135
strings and regular expressions, 22-28
well-formatted text, 164-169
The Onion Network (Tor), 201-202
threshold filters, 165
timestamps, 87
tokens, 52, 58
Tor (The Onion Network), 201-202
trademarks, 218
traversing the Web (see web crawlers)
tree navigation, 18-22
trespass to chattels, 219-220, 226
trigrams module, 132
try...finally statement, 85
Twitov app, 123
Twitter API, 55-59
U
underscore (_), 17
undirected graph problems, 127
Unicode standard, 83, 95-98, 110
unit tests, 190, 197
United States v. Auernheimer, 227-229
unittest module, 190, 197
UPDATE statement, 82
urllib library, 5, 45
urllib.error module, 5
urllib.parse module, 5
urllib.request module, 5, 72
urllib2 library , 5
urlopen function, 5, 97
urlretrieve function, 72
USE statement, 80
User-Agent header, 179
UTF standards, 95, 110
V
variables
environment, 163
handling in JavaScript, 148
lambda expressions and, 28
versions, multiple, 45
virtual environments, 7
W
Warden, Pete, 217
web crawlers
about, 31
cautions using, 41
crawling across the Internet, 40-45
crawling an entire site, 35-40
crawling with Scrapy, 45-48
traversing a single domain, 31-35
usage considerations, 220
web scraping, viii-ix
WebDriver, 153-155, 181
Index | 237
websites
analyzing for scraping, 216
crawling entire, 35-40
running from hosting accounts, 203
scraping text from images on, 166-169
testing with scrapers, 189-198
well-formatted text, 164-169
whitespace, 74, 210
Wikipedia
cleaning dirty data, 109-112
Markov model example, 126-129
MySQL example, 87-89
revision history example, 64
robots.txt file, 224
testing example, 191-193
traversing a single domain example, 31-35
Word (Microsoft), 102-105
w:t tag, 104
X
XML (eXtensible Markup Language), 52
XPath (XML Path), 157

Dawn phenomenon Why All the Morning Highs?

Why All the Morning Highs?
Posted on June 26, 2014 by American Diabetes Association
Sometimes diabetes doesn’t make a lot of sense.

Think of those mornings when you wake up to find your blood glucose looking as if you’ve been up all night eating cookies. What’s up with that? You’d think that not eating for those seven or eight hours would give you lower blood glucose, right?

Such morning highs are common in people with diabetes, but one of the reasons has a particular name: the dawn phenomenon.

The dawn phenomenon is a natural rise in blood glucose between 4 and 8 a.m., which happens because of hormonal changes in the body. All people have the “dawn phenomenon,” whether they have diabetes or not.

People without diabetes would never notice it happening, as a normal body’s insulin response adjusts for this. However, because people with diabetes don’t have normal insulin responses, they may see an increase in their fasting blood glucose.

This is primarily because people with diabetes produce less insulin and more glucagon than they need. The less insulin produced by the pancreas, the more glucagon the pancreas makes as a result. Glucagon, in turn, signals the liver to break down its storage supplies of glycogen into glucose. This is why high fasting blood glucose levels are commonly seen in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The effects of dawn phenomenon vary in each person, and your blood glucose may be higher on some mornings than on others. But not to worry—there are steps you can take to get those numbers down and start your days more comfortably in your target blood glucose range.

Treatment for dawn phenomenon depends on how you treat your diabetes. If you take insulin, you may be able to adjust your dosing so that peak action occurs closer to the morning rise in your blood glucose. If you have type 2, diabetes pills provide options as well, as you can add metformin to reduce the liver’s glucose production.

Eating dinner earlier in the evening and engaging in some light physical activity afterward, like going for a walk, can also help.

If you have diabetes, chances are you’ll experience the occasional high morning blood glucose. That’s not something to fuss about too much. But if it happens regularly, then it’s time to call your doctor.

Suitable sites for subcutaneous insulin injection.

Events after insulin injection

 What happens  after you inject insulin?

various insulins prices in pounds some older numbers

how pharma can influence  patient  behavior by  pricing  various  insulins  using  Psychology and  marketing  strategy

Schematic amino acid sequence of native human insulin; porcine and bovine insulin; the short - acting insulin analogues lispro, aspart and glulisine; and the long - acting analogues glargine and detemir.

50 Ways to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes

Choose More than 50 Ways to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes

from NIDDK

Reduce Portion Sizes

Portion size is the amount of food you eat, such as 1 cup of fruit or 6 ounces of meat. If you are trying to eat smaller portions, eat a half of a bagel instead of a whole bagel or have a 3-ounce hamburger instead of a 6-ounce hamburger. Three ounces is about the size of your fist or a deck of cards.

Put less on your plate, Nate.

1. Drink a large glass of water 10 minutes before your meal so you feel less hungry.

2. Keep meat, chicken, turkey, and fish portions to about 3 ounces.

3. Share one dessert.

Eat a small meal, Lucille.

4. Use teaspoons, salad forks, or child-size forks, spoons, and knives to help you take smaller bites and eat less.

5. Make less food look like more by serving your meal on a salad or breakfast plate.

6. Eat slowly. It takes 20 minutes for your stomach to send a signal to your brain that you are full.

7. Listen to music while you eat instead of watching TV (people tend to eat more while watching TV).

How much should I eat?

Try filling your plate like this:

• 1/4 protein
• 1/4 grains
• 1/2 vegetables and fruit
• dairy (low-fat or skim milk)

Move More Each Day

Find ways to be more active each day. Try to be active for at least 30 minutes, 5 days a week. Walking is a great way to get started and you can do it almost anywhere at any time. Bike riding, swimming, and dancing are also good ways to move more.

If you are looking for a safe place to be active, contact your local parks department or health department to ask about walking maps, community centers, and nearby parks.

Dance it away, Faye.

8. Show your kids the dances you used to do when you were their age.

9. Turn up the music and jam while doing household chores.

10. Work out with a video that shows you how to get active.

Let's go, Flo.

11. Deliver a message in person to a co-worker instead of sending an e-mail.

12. Take the stairs to your office. Or take the stairs as far as you can, and then take the elevator the rest of the way.

13. Catch up with friends during a walk instead of by phone.

14. March in place while you watch TV.

15. Choose a place to walk that is safe, such as your local mall.

16. Get off of the bus one stop early and walk the rest of the way home or to work if it is safe.

Make Healthy Food Choices

Find ways to make healthy food choices. This can help you manage your weight and lower your chances of getting type 2 diabetes.

Choose to eat more vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. Cut back on high-fat foods like whole milk, cheeses, and fried foods. This will help you reduce the amount of fat and calories you take in each day.

Snack on a veggie, Reggie.

17. Buy a mix of vegetables when you go food shopping.

18. Choose veggie toppings like spinach, broccoli, and peppers for your pizza.

19. Try eating foods from other countries. Many of these dishes have more vegetables, whole grains, and beans.

20. Buy frozen and low-salt (sodium) canned vegetables. They may cost less and keep longer than fresh ones.

21. Serve your favorite vegetable and a salad with low-fat macaroni and cheese.

Cook with care, Claire.

22. Stir fry, broil, or bake with non-stick spray or low-salt broth. Cook with less oil and butter.

23. Try not to snack while cooking or cleaning the kitchen.

24. Cook with smaller amounts of cured meats (smoked turkey and turkey bacon). They are high in salt.

Cook in style, Kyle.

25. Cook with a mix of spices instead of salt.

26. Try different recipes for baking or broiling meat, chicken, and fish.

27. Choose foods with little or no added sugar to reduce calories.

28. Choose brown rice instead of white rice.

Eat healthy on the go, Jo.

29. Have a big vegetable salad with low-calorie salad dressing when eating out. Share your main dish with a friend or have the other half wrapped to go.

30. Make healthy choices at fast food restaurants. Try grilled chicken (with skin removed) instead of a cheeseburger.

31. Skip the fries and chips and choose a salad.

32. Order a fruit salad instead of ice cream or cake.

Rethink your drink, Linc.

33. Find a water bottle you really like (from a church or club event, favorite sports team, etc.) and drink water from it every day.

34. Peel and eat an orange instead of drinking orange juice.

35. If you drink whole milk, try changing to 2% milk. It has less fat than whole milk. Once you get used to 2% milk, try 1% or fat-free (skim) milk. This will help you reduce the amount of fat and calories you take in each day.

36. Drink water instead of juice and regular soda.

Eat smart, Bart.

37. Make at least half of your grains whole grains, such as whole grain breads and cereals, brown rice, and quinoa.

38. Use whole grain bread for toast and sandwiches.

39. Keep a healthy snack with you, such as fresh fruit, a handful of nuts, and whole grain crackers.

40. Slow down at snack time. Eating a bag of low-fat popcorn takes longer than eating a candy bar.

41. Share a bowl of fruit with family and friends.

42. Eat a healthy snack or meal before shopping for food. Do not shop on an empty stomach.

43. Shop at your local farmers market for fresh, local food.

Keep track, Jack.

44. Make a list of food you need to buy before you go to the store.

45. Keep a written record of what you eat for a week. It can help you see when you tend to overeat or eat foods high in fat or calories.

Read the label, Mabel.

46. Compare food labels on packages.

47. Choose foods lower in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol (ko-LESS-tuh-ruhl), calories, salt, and added sugars.

Take Care of Your Mind, Body, and Soul

You can exhale, Gail.

48. Take time to change the way you eat and get active. Try one new food or activity a week.

49. Find ways to relax. Try deep breathing, taking a walk, or listening to your favorite music.

50. Pamper yourself. Read a book, take a long bath, or meditate.

51. Think before you eat. Try not to eat when you are bored, upset, or unhappy.

Be Creative

Honor your health as your most precious gift. There are many more ways to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes by making healthy food choices and moving more. Discover your own and share them with your family, friends, and neighbors.

Make up your own, Tyrone or Simone.

52. 

53. 

54. 

Track Your Progress

Visit National Diabetes Education Program or call 1-888-693-6337 / TTY: 1-866-569-1162 to get your free GAME PLAN to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes booklet. It has charts to help you track the foods you eat and how much you move each day.

Things to Remember:

• Talk to your doctor about your risk for getting type 2 diabetes and what you can do to lower your chances.
• Take steps to prevent diabetes by making healthy food choices, staying at a healthy weight, and moving more every day.
• Find ways to stay calm during your day. Being active and reading a good book can help you lower stress.
• Keep track of the many ways you are moving more and eating healthy by writing them down.