peer re·view

peer re·view

noun

1. 1.

   evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field.

verb

1. 1.

   subject (someone or something) to a peer review.
2. " peer review process"is supposed" to uphold the quality and validity of individual articles and the journals that publish them.
   Peer review has been a formal part of scientific communication since the first scientific journals appeared more than 300 years ago. The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society is thought to be the first journal to formalize the peer review process"
3. 
   
4. 
   Professional peer review focuses on the performance of professionals, with a view to improving quality, upholding standards, or providing certification. In academia, peer review is common in decisions related to faculty advancement and tenure.[citation needed] Henry Oldenburg (1619–1677) was a British philosopher who is seen as the 'father' of modern scientific peer review.
   
   WA prototype[clarification needed] professional peer-review process was recommended in the Ethics of the Physician written by Ishāq ibn ʻAlī al-Ruhāwī (854–931). He stated that a visiting physician had to make duplicate notes of a patient's condition on every visit. When the patient was cured or had died, the notes of the physician were examined by a local medical council of other physicians, who would decide whether the treatment had met the required standards of medical care.
   
   Professional peer review is common in the field of health care, where it is usually called clinical peer review. Further, since peer review activity is commonly segmented by clinical discipline, there is also physician peer review, nursing peer review, dentistry peer review, etc. Many other professional fields have some level of peer review process: accounting, law,engineering (e.g., software peer review, technical peer review), aviation, and even forest fire management.
   
   Peer review is used in education to achieve certain learning objectives, particularly as a tool to reach higher order processes in the affective and cognitive domains as defined by Bloom's taxonomy. This may take a variety of forms, including closely mimicking the scholarly peer review processes used in science and medicine
   Scholarly peer review
   Scholarly peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field, before a paper describing this work is published in a journal, conference proceedings or as a book. The peer review helps the publisher (that is, the editor-in-chief, the editorial board or the program committee) decide whether the work should be accepted, considered acceptable with revisions, or rejected.
   
   Peer review requires a community of experts in a given (and often narrowly defined) field, who are qualified and able to perform reasonably impartial review. Impartial review, especially of work in less narrowly defined or inter-disciplinary fields, may be difficult to accomplish, and the significance (good or bad) of an idea may never be widely appreciated among its contemporaries. Peer review is generally considered necessary to academic quality and is used in most major scientific journals, but it does by no means prevent publication of invalid research. Traditionally, peer reviewers have been anonymous, but there is currently a significant amount of open peer review, where the comments are visible to readers, generally with the identities of the peer reviewers disclosed as well.
   
   Medical peer review may be distinguished in 4 classifications: 
   
   See also
5. 1) clinical peer review;
6.  2) peer evaluation of clinical teaching skills for both physicians and nurses
7.  3) scientific peer review of journal articles
8.  4) a secondary round of peer review for the clinical value of articles concurrently published in medical journals.
9. ] Additionally, "medical peer review" has been used by the American Medical Association to refer not only to the process of improving quality and safety in health care organizations, but also to the process of rating clinical behavior or compliance with professional society membership standards
10.  Thus, the terminology has poor standardization and specificity, particularly as a database search term.