Excerpts from US Army and CIA training manuals
CIA, "A Study of Assassination",
written early 1950s: 1 or secret assassinations...the contrived accident is the most effective technique. When successfully executed, it causes little excitement and is only casually investigated. The most effcient accident...is a fall of 75 feet or more onto a hard surface. Elevator shafts, stairwells, unscreened windows and bridges will serve.... The act may be executed by sudden, vigorous grabbing of the ankles, tipping the subject over the edge. If the assassin immediately sets up an outcry, playing the 'horrified witness', no alibi or surreptitious withdrawal is necessary." "Drugs can be very effective. If the assassin is trained as a doctor or nurse and the subject is under medical care, this is an easy and sure method. An overdose of morphine administered as
"Drugs can be very effective. If the assassin is trained as a doctor or nurse and the subject is under medical care, this is an easy and sure method. An overdose of morphine administered as a sedative will cause death without disturbance and is diffcult to detect. The size of the dose will depend upon whether the subject has been using narcotics regularly. If not, two grains will sumce. If the subject drinks heavily, morphine or a similar narcotic can be injected at the passing out stage, and the cause of death will often be held to be acute alcoholism." "Edge weapons: Any legally obtained edge device may be successfully employed. A certain minimum of anatomical knowledge is needed for reliability. Puncture wounds of the body cavity may not be reliable unless the heart is reached. The heart is protected by the rib cage and is not always easy to locate.... Absolute reliability is obtained by severing the spinal cord in the cervical region. This can be done with the point of a knife or a
light blow of an axe or hatchet. Another reliable method is the severing Of both jugular and carotid vessels on both sides of the windpipe." "Conference room technique: [Assassin] #1 Enters room quickly but quietly. #2 Stands in doorway. #2 Opens fire on first subject to react. Swings across group toward center of mass. Times burst to empty magazine at end of swing. #1 Covers group to prevent individual dangerous reactions; if necessary, fires individual bursts of 3 rounds. #2 Finishes burst. Commands 'Shift'. Drops back through door. Replaces empty magazine. Covers corridor. #1 On command 'Shift', opens fire on opposite side of target. Swings one burst across group. Leaves propaganda [to implicate the opposition]." US Army, "Terrorism and the Urban GuerilW, 1960s2 "Measures of Controlling the Population and Resources: 1. ID Cards. An effective system of identification is fundamental to the program... 2. Registration. A program of registering families is used to supplement the system of ID cards. This is the system of
US Army, "Terrorism and the Urban Guerilla", 1960s2 "Measures of Controlling the Population and Resources: I. ID Cards. An effective system of identification is fandamental to the program... 2. Registration. A program of registering families is used to supplement the system of ID cards. This is the system of inventorying all families by house, making a list of all members of the family who live in the house along with the family's resources. One can also note the presence of insurgent tendencies and amliations among the population. 3. Control by block. The purpose ofblock-by-block control is to detect the individuals who are supporting or sympathizing with the insurgents and the type of support they are providing. 4. Police patrols. Their purpose is to detect sources of insurgent support, sympathizers, and routes used by the insurgent forces for intelligence, logistics, and routine activities... Curfew: The purpose is to permit the authorities to identifr violators and take actions based on the premise that anyone
who violates the curfew is an insurgent or sympathizes with the insurgents until he can prove the contrary. Checkpoints. It is of little use to establish a program of passes and ID cards unless there is a system of verifying these official papers. Therefore, establishing checkpoints in all travel routes is necessary once the use of passes has started." US Army, "Handling of Sources", 1960s3 "The CI [counterintelligence] agent should cause the arrest of the employee's [paid government informant] parents, imprison the employee or give him a beating as part of the placement plan of said employee in the guerrilla organization. " [It's not clear whether these things were to be done to force the person to be an informer or to give him credibility as such.] ' 'The employee's value could be increased by means of arrests, executions or pacification, taking care not to expose the employee as the information source." "To assure the promotion of an employee...eliminate a potential rival among the guerrillas." "[Employees are required because] the government is not
employee as the information source." "To assure the promotion of an employee...eliminate a potential rival among the guerrillas." "[Employees are required because] the government is not able to depend only on the information provided voluntarily by faithful citizens or information obtained involuntarily from insurgents ho have been captured." The offcial Defense Department view of these manuals was that the objectionable material in them had simply fallen through the cracks. The DOD stated: "There was no evidence that there was a deliberate attempt to violate Army or Defense Department policies in the preparation or use of these manuals." However, the offce of Rep. Joseph Kennedy (D-MA), which had followed the issue closely, said that at the School of the Americas, where the manuals had been used, at least two offcers had raised questions about the
objectionable material with their superiors in the early 1980s, but had been rebuffed.4 CIA, "KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation- July 1963"5 "The effectiveness of most of the non-coercive techniques depends on their unsettling effect. The interrogation situation is in itself disturbing to most people encountering it for the first time. The aim is to enhance this effect...[and to create] a traumatic or sub- traumatic experience which explodes, as it were, the world that is familiar to the subject as well as his image of himself within that world." "Usually his own clothes are taken away because familiar clothing reinforces identity and thus the capacity for resistance." "The following are the principal coercive techniques of interrogation: arrest, detention, deprivation Of sensory stimuli through solitary confinement or similar methods, threats and fear, debility, pain, heightened suggestibility and hypnosis, narcosis, and induced regression."
CIA, "Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual- 1983"6 "Control—The capacity to cause or change certain types Of human behavior by implying or using physical or psychological means to induce compliance. Compliance may be voluntary or involuntary." "Subject is brought into the facility blindfolded and handcuffed and should remain so during the entire processing.... Subject is completely stripped and told to take a shower. Blindfold remains in place while showering and guard watches throughout. Subject is given a thorough medical examination, including all
body cavities" "Allowing a subject to receive careållly selected letters from home can help create an effect desired by the 'questioner'; for example, the subject may get the idea that his relatives are under duress or suffering. A suggestion at the proper time that his cooperation or confession can help protect the innocent may be effective." "Bedding should be minimal cot and blanket—no mattress. {The idea is to prevent the subject from relaxing and recovering from shock.) There should be no built-in toilet facilities. The subject should have to ask to relieve himself. Then he should either be given a bucket or escorted by a guard to the latrine. The guard stays at his side the entire time he is in the latrine." "Deprivation of sensory stimuli induces stress and anxiety. The more complete the deprivation, the more rapidly and deeply the subject is affected." "The purpose of all coercive techniques is to induce psychological regression in the subject by bringing a superior outside force to bear on his will to resist. Regression is basically a loss of autonomy. "
CIA, "Freedom Fighters' Manual", 19847 A 16-page "comic book" for Nicaraguans; its more than 40 illustrations showed the reader how s/he could "liberate Nicaragua from oppression and misery" of "the Marxist tyranny" by "a series of useful sabotage techniques". Amongst these were: Stop up toilets with sponges.. .pull down powercables.. .put dirt into gas tanks...put nails on roads and highways...cut and perforate the upholstery of vehicles...cut down trees over highways.. telephone to make false hotel reservations and false alarms of fires and crimes...hoard and steal food from the government...leave lights and water taps on...steal mail from mailboxes...go to work
late...call in sick...short circuit electricity...break light bulbs...rip up books...spread rumors...threaten supervisors and offcials over the phone CIA, "Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare", 19848 A manual designed for the US-backed Contra forces (the guerrillas) fighting in Nicaragua against the leftist Sandinista government. It advised: "Kidnap all offcials or agents of the Sandinista government and place them in 'public places' "Shame, ridicule and humiliate the 'personal symbols ' ofthe government of repression in the presence of the people and foster popular participation through guerrillas within the multitude, shouting slogans and jeers." "If a guerrilla fires at an individual, make the town see that he was an enemy of the people" and "that if that citizen had managed to escape, he would have alerted the enemy that is near the town or city, and they could carry out acts of reprisal such as rapes, pillage, destruction, captures, etc....Make the population see that
informer, and that the weapon fired was one recovered in combat against the Sandinista regime." "It is possible to neutralize carefully selected and planned targets, such as court judges, mesta judges [justices of the peace], police and State Security omcials, CDS [Sandinista Defense Committees] chiefs, etc." [As writer Holly Sklar has noted: "A hit list that starts with court judges and ends with etcetera is a mighty broad license for murder.' "The notification of the police, denouncing a target who does not want to join the guerrillas, can be carried out easily...through a letter with false statements of citizens who are not implicated in
the movement. " "If possible, professional criminals will be hired to carry out specific selected 'jobs'." "Specific tasks will be assigned to others, in order to create a 'martyr' for the cause, taking the demonstrators to a confrontation with the authorities, in order to bring about uprisings or shootings, which will cause the death of one or more persons, who would become the martyrs, a situation that should be made use of immediately against the regime, in order to create greater conflicts." "Shock Troops. These men should be equipped with weapons (knives, razors, chains, clubs, bludgeons) and should march slightly behind the innocent and gullible participants." Throughout, the manual reads like what the Westem world was always taught was the way communists scheme and indoctrinate. In 1986, the World Court found that in producing and disseminating
In 1986, the World Court found that in producing and disseminating this manual, the United States "encouraged the commission...of acts contrary to general principles of humanitarian law," including the Geneva Conventions of 1949.
CIA, "A Study of Assassination",
written early 1950s: 1 or secret assassinations...the contrived accident is the most effective technique. When successfully executed, it causes little excitement and is only casually investigated. The most effcient accident...is a fall of 75 feet or more onto a hard surface. Elevator shafts, stairwells, unscreened windows and bridges will serve.... The act may be executed by sudden, vigorous grabbing of the ankles, tipping the subject over the edge. If the assassin immediately sets up an outcry, playing the 'horrified witness', no alibi or surreptitious withdrawal is necessary." "Drugs can be very effective. If the assassin is trained as a doctor or nurse and the subject is under medical care, this is an easy and sure method. An overdose of morphine administered as
"Drugs can be very effective. If the assassin is trained as a doctor or nurse and the subject is under medical care, this is an easy and sure method. An overdose of morphine administered as a sedative will cause death without disturbance and is diffcult to detect. The size of the dose will depend upon whether the subject has been using narcotics regularly. If not, two grains will sumce. If the subject drinks heavily, morphine or a similar narcotic can be injected at the passing out stage, and the cause of death will often be held to be acute alcoholism." "Edge weapons: Any legally obtained edge device may be successfully employed. A certain minimum of anatomical knowledge is needed for reliability. Puncture wounds of the body cavity may not be reliable unless the heart is reached. The heart is protected by the rib cage and is not always easy to locate.... Absolute reliability is obtained by severing the spinal cord in the cervical region. This can be done with the point of a knife or a
light blow of an axe or hatchet. Another reliable method is the severing Of both jugular and carotid vessels on both sides of the windpipe." "Conference room technique: [Assassin] #1 Enters room quickly but quietly. #2 Stands in doorway. #2 Opens fire on first subject to react. Swings across group toward center of mass. Times burst to empty magazine at end of swing. #1 Covers group to prevent individual dangerous reactions; if necessary, fires individual bursts of 3 rounds. #2 Finishes burst. Commands 'Shift'. Drops back through door. Replaces empty magazine. Covers corridor. #1 On command 'Shift', opens fire on opposite side of target. Swings one burst across group. Leaves propaganda [to implicate the opposition]." US Army, "Terrorism and the Urban GuerilW, 1960s2 "Measures of Controlling the Population and Resources: 1. ID Cards. An effective system of identification is fundamental to the program... 2. Registration. A program of registering families is used to supplement the system of ID cards. This is the system of
US Army, "Terrorism and the Urban Guerilla", 1960s2 "Measures of Controlling the Population and Resources: I. ID Cards. An effective system of identification is fandamental to the program... 2. Registration. A program of registering families is used to supplement the system of ID cards. This is the system of inventorying all families by house, making a list of all members of the family who live in the house along with the family's resources. One can also note the presence of insurgent tendencies and amliations among the population. 3. Control by block. The purpose ofblock-by-block control is to detect the individuals who are supporting or sympathizing with the insurgents and the type of support they are providing. 4. Police patrols. Their purpose is to detect sources of insurgent support, sympathizers, and routes used by the insurgent forces for intelligence, logistics, and routine activities... Curfew: The purpose is to permit the authorities to identifr violators and take actions based on the premise that anyone
who violates the curfew is an insurgent or sympathizes with the insurgents until he can prove the contrary. Checkpoints. It is of little use to establish a program of passes and ID cards unless there is a system of verifying these official papers. Therefore, establishing checkpoints in all travel routes is necessary once the use of passes has started." US Army, "Handling of Sources", 1960s3 "The CI [counterintelligence] agent should cause the arrest of the employee's [paid government informant] parents, imprison the employee or give him a beating as part of the placement plan of said employee in the guerrilla organization. " [It's not clear whether these things were to be done to force the person to be an informer or to give him credibility as such.] ' 'The employee's value could be increased by means of arrests, executions or pacification, taking care not to expose the employee as the information source." "To assure the promotion of an employee...eliminate a potential rival among the guerrillas." "[Employees are required because] the government is not
employee as the information source." "To assure the promotion of an employee...eliminate a potential rival among the guerrillas." "[Employees are required because] the government is not able to depend only on the information provided voluntarily by faithful citizens or information obtained involuntarily from insurgents ho have been captured." The offcial Defense Department view of these manuals was that the objectionable material in them had simply fallen through the cracks. The DOD stated: "There was no evidence that there was a deliberate attempt to violate Army or Defense Department policies in the preparation or use of these manuals." However, the offce of Rep. Joseph Kennedy (D-MA), which had followed the issue closely, said that at the School of the Americas, where the manuals had been used, at least two offcers had raised questions about the
objectionable material with their superiors in the early 1980s, but had been rebuffed.4 CIA, "KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation- July 1963"5 "The effectiveness of most of the non-coercive techniques depends on their unsettling effect. The interrogation situation is in itself disturbing to most people encountering it for the first time. The aim is to enhance this effect...[and to create] a traumatic or sub- traumatic experience which explodes, as it were, the world that is familiar to the subject as well as his image of himself within that world." "Usually his own clothes are taken away because familiar clothing reinforces identity and thus the capacity for resistance." "The following are the principal coercive techniques of interrogation: arrest, detention, deprivation Of sensory stimuli through solitary confinement or similar methods, threats and fear, debility, pain, heightened suggestibility and hypnosis, narcosis, and induced regression."
CIA, "Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual- 1983"6 "Control—The capacity to cause or change certain types Of human behavior by implying or using physical or psychological means to induce compliance. Compliance may be voluntary or involuntary." "Subject is brought into the facility blindfolded and handcuffed and should remain so during the entire processing.... Subject is completely stripped and told to take a shower. Blindfold remains in place while showering and guard watches throughout. Subject is given a thorough medical examination, including all
body cavities" "Allowing a subject to receive careållly selected letters from home can help create an effect desired by the 'questioner'; for example, the subject may get the idea that his relatives are under duress or suffering. A suggestion at the proper time that his cooperation or confession can help protect the innocent may be effective." "Bedding should be minimal cot and blanket—no mattress. {The idea is to prevent the subject from relaxing and recovering from shock.) There should be no built-in toilet facilities. The subject should have to ask to relieve himself. Then he should either be given a bucket or escorted by a guard to the latrine. The guard stays at his side the entire time he is in the latrine." "Deprivation of sensory stimuli induces stress and anxiety. The more complete the deprivation, the more rapidly and deeply the subject is affected." "The purpose of all coercive techniques is to induce psychological regression in the subject by bringing a superior outside force to bear on his will to resist. Regression is basically a loss of autonomy. "
CIA, "Freedom Fighters' Manual", 19847 A 16-page "comic book" for Nicaraguans; its more than 40 illustrations showed the reader how s/he could "liberate Nicaragua from oppression and misery" of "the Marxist tyranny" by "a series of useful sabotage techniques". Amongst these were: Stop up toilets with sponges.. .pull down powercables.. .put dirt into gas tanks...put nails on roads and highways...cut and perforate the upholstery of vehicles...cut down trees over highways.. telephone to make false hotel reservations and false alarms of fires and crimes...hoard and steal food from the government...leave lights and water taps on...steal mail from mailboxes...go to work
late...call in sick...short circuit electricity...break light bulbs...rip up books...spread rumors...threaten supervisors and offcials over the phone CIA, "Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare", 19848 A manual designed for the US-backed Contra forces (the guerrillas) fighting in Nicaragua against the leftist Sandinista government. It advised: "Kidnap all offcials or agents of the Sandinista government and place them in 'public places' "Shame, ridicule and humiliate the 'personal symbols ' ofthe government of repression in the presence of the people and foster popular participation through guerrillas within the multitude, shouting slogans and jeers." "If a guerrilla fires at an individual, make the town see that he was an enemy of the people" and "that if that citizen had managed to escape, he would have alerted the enemy that is near the town or city, and they could carry out acts of reprisal such as rapes, pillage, destruction, captures, etc....Make the population see that
informer, and that the weapon fired was one recovered in combat against the Sandinista regime." "It is possible to neutralize carefully selected and planned targets, such as court judges, mesta judges [justices of the peace], police and State Security omcials, CDS [Sandinista Defense Committees] chiefs, etc." [As writer Holly Sklar has noted: "A hit list that starts with court judges and ends with etcetera is a mighty broad license for murder.' "The notification of the police, denouncing a target who does not want to join the guerrillas, can be carried out easily...through a letter with false statements of citizens who are not implicated in
the movement. " "If possible, professional criminals will be hired to carry out specific selected 'jobs'." "Specific tasks will be assigned to others, in order to create a 'martyr' for the cause, taking the demonstrators to a confrontation with the authorities, in order to bring about uprisings or shootings, which will cause the death of one or more persons, who would become the martyrs, a situation that should be made use of immediately against the regime, in order to create greater conflicts." "Shock Troops. These men should be equipped with weapons (knives, razors, chains, clubs, bludgeons) and should march slightly behind the innocent and gullible participants." Throughout, the manual reads like what the Westem world was always taught was the way communists scheme and indoctrinate. In 1986, the World Court found that in producing and disseminating
In 1986, the World Court found that in producing and disseminating this manual, the United States "encouraged the commission...of acts contrary to general principles of humanitarian law," including the Geneva Conventions of 1949.
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