AB Ayushmaan Bharat
ACA Affordable Care Act
ACO Affordable Care Organizations
AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Quality and
Research
AI Artificial Intelligence
AIIMS All India Institute of Medical Sciences
ALOS Average Length of Stay
ANM Auxiliary Nurse Midwife
APL Above Poverty Line
ASHA Accredited Social Health Activist
AYUSH Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani,
Siddha
BoD Burden of Disease
BPJS Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial,
Indonesia
BPL Below Poverty Line
BPSSBY Bhagat Puran Singh Sehat Bima Yojana
BSBY Bhamashah Swasthya Bima Yojana
CAPEX Capital Expenditure
CBHI Central Bureau for Health Intelligence
CD Communicable Diseases
CDAC Centre for Development of Advanced
CDSS Clinical Decision-Support Systems
CDSS Clinical Decision Support Systems
CEA Clinical Establishments Act
CGHI Central Government Health Scheme
CGHR Centre for Global Health Research
CHA Cambridge Health Alliance
CHC Community Health Center
CHD Center for Healthy Development
CHIAK Comprehensive Health Insurance Agency
of Kerala
CMCHIS Chief Minister's Comprehensive Health
Insurance Scheme
CMIE Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
CPA Consumer Protection Act
CPHC Comprehensive Primary Healthcare
CVD Cardiovascular Diseases
DHAF Digital Health Architecture Framework
DMRC Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
DOTS Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course
DRG Diagnosis Related Grouping
EAG Empowered Action Group
EHRs Electronic Health Records
EMRI Emergency Management Research
Institute
EPH Essential Health Package
ESI Employee State Insurance
ESIC Employee State Insurance Corporation
ESIS Employee State Insurance Scheme
eVIN Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network
FFS Fee for Service
FHIR Fast Healthcare Interoperability
Resources
FRU First Referral Unit
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GIPSA General Insurance Public Sector
Association
GoI Government of India
GP General Physician
GR Grievance
GSHIS Government Sponsored Health
Insurance Scheme
GST Goods and Services Tax H&WC
Health and Wellness Centre
HAAD Health Authority of Abu Dhabi
HDD Health Data Dictionary
HIC High Income Countries
HIIP Health Information and Intelligence
Platform
HIIS Health Insurance Information System
HIS Health Information System
HIT Health information technology
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HLFPPT Hindustan Latex Family Planning
Promotion Trust
HMIS Health Management Information System
HMO Health Management Organization
HR Human Resources
HRH Human resources for health
HRIS Human Resources Information System
HTA Health Technology Assessment
IAS Indian Administrative Services
IBEF India Brand Equity Foundation
Health System for a New India: Building Blocks
xvii
ABBREVIATIONS
ICD International Classification of Diseases
ICHSS International Center for Health Systems
Strengthening
ICMR Indian Council for Medical Research
ICT Information and Communications
Technology
ID Identity
IDSP Integrated Disease Surveillance Program
IEC Information, Education and
Communication
IFC International Finance Corporation
IHI Institute for Healthcare Improvement
IHME Institute for Health Metrics and
Evaluation
ILO International Labour Organization
IMA Indian Medical Association
IMS Inventory Management System
IOM Institute of Medicine
IP In Patient
IPA Independent Practice Associations
IPHS Indian Public Health Standards
IPs Informal Providers
IQWiG Institute for Quality and Efficiency in
healthcare
IRCTC Indian Railways Catering and Tourism
Corporation
IRDA Insurance Regulatory and Development
Authority
IT Information Technology
JCAHO Joint Commission on Accreditation of
Healthcare Organizations
JHM Johns Hopkins Medicine
JLN Joint Learning Network
LIS Laboratory Information System
LMIC Low and middle-income countries
MCI Medical Council of India
MIC Middle Income Countries
MCTS Mother and Child Tracking System
MDDS Meta Data and Data Standards for Health
MHIS Meghalaya Health Insurance Scheme
MHN Merrygold Health Network
MIS Management Information Systems
MMR Maternal Mortality Ratio
MNCH Maternal, New-born and Child Health
MoF Ministry of Finance
MoHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
MSQH Malaysian Society for Quality in Health
NABH National Accreditation Board for
Hospitals & Healthcare Providers
NAMMIS National Anti-Malaria Management
Information System
NACO National AIDS Control Organization
NCD Noncommunicable diseases
NCMH National Centre for Mental Health
NDHA National Digital Health Authority
NDHM National Digital Health Mission
NFHS National Family Health Survey
NHA National Health Authority
NHM National Health Mission
NHRR National Health Resource Registry
NHS National Health Service, United
Kingdom
NHS National Health Stack
NHSRC National Health Systems Resource
Centre
NIC National Informatics Centre
NICE National Institute for Health and Care
Excellence
NID National Identification
NIPI Norway India Partnership Initiative
NITI National Institution for Transforming
India
NPCDCS National Programme for Prevention and
Control of Cancers, Diabetes,
Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke
NSS National Sample Survey
NSSO National Sample Survey Organization
NWH Network Hospital
OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Development
OOD Object-Oriented Design
OOP Out-Of-Pocket
OOPs Out-Of-Pocket Payments
OP Outpatient
OPD Outpatient Department
Abbreviations
xviii Abbreviations
ORS Oral Rehydration Solution
OT Operating Theatre
P4P Pay-for-Performance
PC Primary Care
PCR Pure Claims Ratio
PDSA Plan, Do, Study, Act
PFMS Public Financial Management System
PHC Primary Health Centres
PHFI Public Health Foundation of India
PHR Personal Health Records
PHSC Punjab Health Systems Corporation
PM-JAY Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana
PPD Public-Private Dialogue
PPP Public Private Partnership
PRP Performance-Related Pay
PSF Brazil's Programma Saúde da Família
(Family Health Programme)
QCI Quality Council of India
QOF Quality and Outcomes Framework
RBSNY Rajya Bimaari Sahayta Nidhi Yojana
RFP Request For Proposals
RIS Radiology Information System
RSBY Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana
SAST Suvarna Aarogya Suraksha Trust
SDG Sustainable Development Goals
SECC Socio Economic Caste Census
SHI Social Health Insurance
SIMS State Information Management Systems
SNA State Nodal Agency
SNCU Special Newborn Care Unit
SQAU State Quality Assurance Units
SRS Sample Registration System
SSI Surgical Site Infection
STGs Standard Treatment Guidelines
SUS Brazil’s Sistema Único de Saúde
TA Technical Assistance
TB Tuberculosis
TFR Total Fertility Rate
THE Total Health Expenditure
TPA Third Party Administrator
UAE United Arab Emirates
UHC Universal Health Coverage
UK United Kingdom
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UPID Unique Patient Identifier
US/USA United States of America
USAID United States Agency for International
Development
VAS Vajpayee Arogyashree Scheme
VAT Value Added Tax
WHO World Health Organization
WMS World Management Survey
WPI Wholesale Price Index
Common
Abbreviations
2D two dimensional
3D three dimensional
A1c glycated/glycosylated hemoglobin
AAA abdominal aortic aneurysm
ABO three of human blood antigen
groups (for transfusion compatibility)
ACE angiotensin converting enzyme
AcG accelerator globulin
ACI autologous chondrocyte implantation
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH antidiuretic hormone
AFB acid fast bacilli
AFP alpha-fetoprotein
AHG antihemophilic globulin
AKD acetone-killed dried
ALA aminolevulinic acid
ALT alanine amino
AMP adenosine monophosphate
ANA antinuclear antibodies
AP abdominal voiding pressure
APC activated protein C
ARB angiotensin receptor blocker
ART automated reagin test
ASPE allele-specific primer extension
AST aspartate aminotransferase
AUDIT alcohol use disorders
identification test
AV arteriovenous
BCG Bacille Calmette-Guerin
BUN blood urea nitrogen
CA community-acquired bacterial
CAD computer-aided detection
CAD coronary artery disease
CAT computed axial tomography
CBC complete blood count
CCP cyclic citrullinated peptide
CCU critical care unit
CEA carcinoembryonic antigen
CHr reticulocyte hemoglobin content
CH50 complement (blood protein)
CK creatine kinase
CMG cystometrogram
CMRI cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
CMT chiropractic manipulative treatment
CMV cytomegalovirus
CMV-IgV cytomegalovirus immune
globulin, intravenous
CNP continuous negative pressure
CNPB continuous negative pressure breathing
CNS central nervous system
CO2 carbon dioxide
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP continuous positive airway pressure
CPK creatine phosphokinase
CPPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CRH corticotropic releasing hormone
CSF cerebrospinal fluid
CT computed tomography
D and C dilation and curettage
D and E dilation and evacuation
DAST drug abuse screening test
DFA direct fluorescent antibody
DGGE denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone
DHT dihydrotestosterone
DM diabetes mellitus
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
DNAse deoxyribonuclease
DRIL distal revascularization and
interval ligation
DT diphtheria and tetanus toxoids
DTaP diphtheria, tetanus toxoids,
and acellular pertussis
DXA dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
EA Epstein-Barr (virus), early antigen
EB Epstein-Barr (virus)
EBNA Epstein-Barr (virus), nuclear antigen
ECG electrocardiogram
ECLS extracorporeal life support
ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
EDTA ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid
EEG electroencephalography
EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy
EKG electrocardiogram
E/M evaluation and management
EMG electromyography
ENT ear, nose, and throat
EOG electrooculogram
ePTFE expanded polyetra-fluorethylene
ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ESRD end-stage renal disease
Fc portion of antibody molecule
bound by membrane receptors
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FDP fibrin degradation products
FEV forced expiratory volume
FISH fluorescent in-situ hybridization
FSF fibrin stabilizing factor
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
FSP fibrinogram split products
FT-4 free thyroxine
FTA-abs fluorescent treponemal
antibody absorption
FVC forced vital capacity
GAIL breast cancer risk assessment model
G-CSF granulocyte colony
stimulating factors
GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease
GGT glutamyltransferase, gamma
GLC gas liquid chromatography
GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage colony
stimulating factors
GTT glucose tolerance test
HAA hepatitis-associated antigen
HAAb hepatitis A antibody
HAI hemagglutination inhibition
HAST high altitude simulation test
HBA hyaluronan binding assay
HBcAb hepatitis B core antibody
HBcAg hepatitis B core antigen
HBeAb hepatitis Be antibody
HBeAg hepatitis Be antigen
HbIg hepatitis B immune globulin
HBsAb hepatitis B surface antibody
HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen
hCG human chorionic gonadotropin
HCO2 bicarbonate
HDL high density
lipoprotein HER-2/neu breast
cancer-related gene HF heart failure
Hgb hemoglobin
hGH human growth hormone
HIAA hydroxyindoleacetic acid
Hib haemophilus influenzae b
Hib-HepB hepatitis B and haemophilus
influenzae b
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
HLA human leukocyte antigen
HLA DR human leukocyte antigen
DR allele (an alternative form of gene on a chromosome)
HLA DQ human leukocyte antigen
DQ allele (an alternative form of gene on a chromosome)
HP haptoglobin
hPL human placental lactogen
HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
HPV human papillomavirus
HTLV human T-lymphotropic virus
HTN hypertension
HVA homovanillic acid
ICF intermediate care facilities
IDH isocitric dehydrogenase
IgIV immune globulin (human) intravenous
IGRT image guided radiation therapy
IMRT intensity modulated radiation therapy
INH isonicotinic acid hydrazide
INR international normalized ratio
IPPB intermittent positive
pressure breathing
IPV inactivated polio virus
IRF immature reticulocyte fraction
ISH in-situ hybridization
IUD intrauterine device
IV intravenous
IVC intravenous cholangiography,
inferior vena cava
IVF in vitro fertilization
KIA Kligler iron agar
KOH potassium hydroxide
L/S lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio
LAP leucine aminopeptidase
LATS long-acting thyroid stimulation hormone
LD lactic dehydrogenase
LDH lactate dehydrogenase
LDL low density lipoproteins
LEEP loop electrode excision procedure
LH luteinizing hormone
LHR leukocyte histamine release test
LIA lysine iron agar
LMP last menstrual period
LRH luteinizing releasing factor
LSD lysergic acid diethylamide
LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction
LVF left ventricular function
LVSD left ventricular systolic dysfunction
MEG magnetoencephalography
MER microelectrode recording
MIC minimum inhibitory concentration
MIF migration inhibitory factor
MLC mixed lymphocyte culture
MLC multi-leaf collimator
mm millimeters
MMPI Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory
MMR measles, mumps, and rubella
MMRV measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella
MN two red cell antigens determined
for +B82 blood typing
MRA magnetic resonance angiography
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
MRV mean reticulocyte volume
MS mass spectrometry
MSLT multiple sleep latency testing
MTMS medication therapy management services
MUGA multiple gated acquisition
NCPAP nasal continuous positive
airway pressure
NCQA National Committee on Quality Assurance
NCV nerve conduction volume
NG nasogastric tube
NK natural killer [cells]
NSAID nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
NSD nominal standard dose
NTD nitroblue tetrazolium dye test
OA osteoarthritis
OG orogastric tube
OLA oligonucleotide ligation assay
OMT osteopathic manipulative treatment
OTC over-the-counter
PAD peripheral arterial disease
PAO2 arterial
blood partial oxygen pressure PAPP-A pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A pCO2 partial
pressure exerted by carbon dioxide
PCP phencyclidine
PCR polymerase chain reaction
PET positron emission tomography
pH hydrogen ion concentration
PI prescribing information
PICC peripherally inserted central
venous catheter
PKU phenylalanine
PLC primed lymphocyte culture
pO2 partial pressure of oxygen
PORD partial ossicular replacement prosthesis
PPD purified protein derivative
PRA plasma renin activity
PSA prostate specific antigen
PTA platelet thromboplastin antecedent
PTB patella tendon bearing
PTC plasma thromboplastin component
PTCA percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
PUVA psoralens and ultraviolet A
QST quantitative sensory testing
RBC red blood cell
RFA radiofrequency ablation
Rh red blood cell antigen
RhIg red cell immune globulin (human)
RhIgIV red cell immune globulin
(human) intravenous
Rho (D) red cell antigen
RIg rabies immune globulin
RIg-HT rabies immune globulin-heat treated
RIA radioimmunoassay
RPR rapid plasma reagin
RSV respiratory syncytial virus
RSV-IgIM respiratory
syncytial virus immune globulin, intramuscular
RSV-IgIV respiratory
syncytial virus immune globulin, intravenous SAVER surgical
anterior ventricular restoration
SBCE single base chain extension
SBI screening and brief intervention
SBRT stereotactic body radiation therapy
SCIg immune globulin (human) subcutaneous
SEPS subfascial endoscopic
perforator surgery
SGOT serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
SGPT serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase
SHBG sex hormone binding globulin
SIS saline infusion sonohysterography
SIS small intestine submucosa
SISI short increment sensitivity index
SLAP superior labral anterior posterior
SMAS superficial
musculoaponeurotic system SPECT single-photon emission
computed tomography SRS stereotactic radiosurgery
SSCP single strand conformational polymorphism
STS serologic test for syphilis
SVR surgical ventricular restoration
T3 thyroid hormone
T4 thyroid hormone
TB tuberculosis
TBG thyroxine binding globulin
TBS Bethesda system
TBSA total body surface area
Td tetanus and diphtheria toxoids
TDF time, dose, fractionation
TENS transcutaneous electrical
nerve stimulation
THBR thyroid hormone binding ratio
TIg tetanus immune globulin
TIPS transvenous intrahepatic
portosystemic shunt
TLC thin-layer chromatography
TLD thermoluminescent dosimeters
TMJ temporomandibular joint
TNS transcutaneous nerve stimulation
TORCH toxoplasmosis, rubella,
cytomegalovirus, and herpes virus serology
TORP total ossicular replacement prosthesis
TRAM transverse rectus abdominis
myocutaneous flap
TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
TSI thyroid stimulating immunoglobin
TT3 triiodothyronine T3 total
UFR uroflowmetry
UPP urethral pressure profile
VAR varicella
VCA viral capcid antigens
VDRL venereal disease research
laboratory; test for syphilis
VEP visual evoked potential
VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide
VLDL very low density lipoprotein
VMA vanillylmandelic acid
VP voiding pressure
VZIg varicella zoster immune globulin
WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
WBC white blood count
YAG yttrium-aluminum-garnet
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