Abbreviations and Acronyms
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACER average cost-effectiveness ratio
ACT artemisinin combination therapy
AD Alzheimer's disease
ADB Asian Development Bank
ADHD attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
AED antiepileptic drug
AHEAD applied health education and development
AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AIN-C atención integral a la niñez comunitaria
ALRI acute lower respiratory infection
AMI acute myocardial infarction
ANW anganwadi worker
aP acellular pertussis vaccine
APOC African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control
ARF acute rheumatic fever
ARI acute respiratory infection
ART atraumatic restorative treatment
ASD autism spectrum disorder
ATLS advanced trauma life support
AUD alcohol-use disorder
AZT Zidovudine
BCC behavior-change communication
BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
BEmOC basic emergency obstetric care
BINP Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Program
BMI body mass index
BMT buprenorphine maintenance treatment
BOD burden of disease
BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee
BRFSS behavioral risk factor surveillance system
BZA benzimidazole anthelmintic
CABG coronary artery bypass graft
CAD coronary artery disease
CAM complementary and alternative medicine
CAPP Country/Area Profile Programme
CBA cost-benefit analysis
CBE clinical breast examination
CBHI community-based health insurance
CBR cost-benefit ratio
CDC U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDD control of diarrheal diseases
CEA cost-effectiveness analysis
CEmOC comprehensive emergency obstetric care
CER cost-effectiveness ratio
CFR case-fatality rate
CHA community health aide
CHD coronary heart disease
CHF congestive heart failure
CHNP community-based health and nutrition program
CHNW community health and nutrition worker
CHOICE choosing interventions that are cost-effective
CI confidence interval
CKD chronic kidney disease
CL cutaneous leishmaniasis
CL/P cleft lip and palate
CM cerebral malaria
CMH Commission on Macroeconomics and Health
CML chronic myeloid leukemia
CO carbon monoxide
COBRA combination therapy for rheumatoid arthritis
COHRED Council on Health Research for Development
COM chronic otitis media
COPCORD Community-Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Disease
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CoV coronavirus
COX cyclo-oxygenase
CRA comparative risk analysis
CT computed tomography
CVD cardiovascular disease
CVS chorionic villus sampling
CYP couple-year of protection
DAH development assistance for health
DALY disability-adjusted life year
dBHL decibel hearing level
DCP1 Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, first edition
DCP2 Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, second edition
DCPP Disease Control Priorities Project
DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DEET N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide
DF dengue fever
DHF dengue hemorrhagic fever
DHS demographic and health survey
DMARD disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
DMFT decayed, missing, and filled teeth
DNA deoxyribose nucleic acid
DOT directly observed therapy
DOTS directly observed therapy short course
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
DSM-IVTR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DSS dengue shock syndrome
DTP diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis
EAP economically active population
EBM evidence-based medicine
ED emergency department
EFA education for all
EFM electronic fetal monitoring
EHCAP Effective Health Care Alliance Programme
EIR entomological inoculation rate
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EMR electronic medical record
EMS emergency medical services
EPI Expanded Program on Immunization
ESRD end-stage renal disease
EUROSTAT European Statistical Office
FA folic acid
FBD food-borne disease
FCTC Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FDC fixed-dose combinations
FEFO first expiry, first out
FETP Field Epidemiology Training Program
FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one second
FGM female genital mutilation
FHP family health program
FIC fully immunized child
FRESH focusing resources on effective school health
FTE full-time equivalent
G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
G-7 Group of Seven
GATB Global Alliance for TB Drug Development
GAVI Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization
GDP gross domestic product
GET 2020 World Health Organization Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma
GFHR Global Forum on Health Research
GIS geographic information system
GM genetic modification
GMP good manufacturing practice
GNI gross national income
GNP gross national product
GSE glutathione S-transferase
GUSTO global use of strategies to open occluded coronary arteries
HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV/AIDS
Hb hemoglobin
HBV hepatitis B virus
HDL high-density lipoprotein
HepB hepatitis B
HHV human herpes virus
Hib Haemophilus influenzae type B
HIC high-income country
HIS health information system
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
HMN Health Metrics Network
HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
HPS health promoting school
HPV human papillomavirus
HR human resource
HRT hormone replacement therapy
HSV-1 herpes simplex virus type 1
HSV-2 herpes simplex virus type 2
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IAP indoor air pollution
IAVI International AIDS Vaccine Initiative
ICD-10 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision
ICDS integrated child development services
ICER incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
ICPD international conference on population and development
ICT information and communication technologies
IDA International Development Association
IDD iodine deficiency disorders
IDSR integrated disease surveillance and response
IEC information, education, and communication
IFF International Finance Facility
IHD ischemic heart disease
ILO International Labour Organisation
IMCI integrated management of infant and childhood illness
IMF International Monetary Fund
IMR infant mortality rate
INCB International Narcotics Control Board
INDEPTH International Network of Field Sites with Continuous Demographic Evaluation of Populations
and Their Health in Developing Countries
INFECTOM information, feedback, contracting with providers to adhere to practice guidelines, and
ongoing monitoring
IPT intermittent preventive treatment
IPTi intermittent preventive treatment in infancy
IPV inactivated polio vaccine
IRB institutional review board
IRR internal rate of return
IRS indoor residual spraying
ISDR international strategy for disaster reduction
ISIC international standard industrial classification of all economic activities
ITN insecticide-treated net
IUATLD International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
IUD intrauterine device
IUGR intrauterine growth retardation
JE Japanese encephalitis
LAAM levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol
LBW low birthweight
LDD learning and developmental disability
LDL low-density lipoprotein
LE 20 life expectancy at age 20
LF lymphatic filariasis
LIC low-income country
LMICs low- and middle-income countries
LPG liquid petroleum gas
LRI lower respiratory tract infection
LSD lysergic acid diethylamide
MBB marginal budgeting for bottlenecks
MCE multi-country evaluation of IMCI effectiveness, cost, and impact
MCH maternal child and health
MDA mass drug administration
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine
MDR-TB multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
MDT multidrug therapy
MEASURE monitoring and evaluation to assess and use results
MIC middle-income country
MMR measles-mumps-rubella
MMT methadone maintenance treatment
MMV Medicines for Malaria Venture
MNCH maternal, neonatal, and child health
MOH ministry of health
MR mental retardation
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
MSF Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders)
MTCT mother-to-child transmission
MVA modified vaccinia virus Ankara
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NAP nonaffective psychosis
NCCAM National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
NCE new chemical entity
NDP national drug policy
NGO nongovernmental organization
NHA national health account
NHS national health service
NIH National Institutes of Health
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NIPA national income and product accounts
NMR neonatal mortality rate
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
NORA national occupational research agenda
NOx nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide
NRA national regulatory authority
NRT nicotine replacement therapies
NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
NSO national statistics office
NTD neural tube defect
OA osteoarthritis
OCP Onchocerciasis Control Program
ODA official development assistance
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OEPA Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas
OP osteoporosis
OPV oral polio vaccine
ORS oral rehydration solution
ORT oral rehydration therapy
PAHO Pan American Health Organization
PAL practical approach to lung health
PARIS21 Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century
PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls
PCD Partnership for Child Development
PCP Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
PCR polymerase chain reaction
PCV protein-conjugated polysaccharide vaccine
PD Parkinson's disease
PDOH Philippine Department of Health
PDSA plan-do-study-act
PFGE pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis
PHC primary health care
PHSWOW public health school without walls
PLACE Priorities for Local AIDS Control Effort
PM particulate matter
PMTCT prevention of mother-to-child transmission
PopEd population and family life education
ppm parts per million
PPPs public-private partnerships
PRSC poverty reduction support credit
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
PSV polysaccharide vaccine
PTA parent-teacher association
PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder
PZQ Praziquantel
QALY quality-adjusted life year
RA rheumatoid arthritis
R&D research and development
RCT randomized clinical trial
RDI recommended dietary intake
RESU regional epidemiology and surveillance unit
RHD rheumatic heart disease
RNA ribonucleic acid
ROP retinopathy of prematurity
RRT renal replacement therapy
RSV respiratory syncytial virus
RTI road traffic injury
rt-PA recombinant tissue plasminogen activator
SAFE surgery, antibiotics to control the infection, facial cleanliness, and environmental
improvements
SAR search and rescue
SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome
SBP systolic blood pressure
SCC short-course chemotherapy
SD standard deviation
SiC significant caries (index)
SMA severe malarial anemia
SO2 sulfur dioxide
SP sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine
SSO social security organization
SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
STATCAP statistical capacity building
STH soil-transmitted helminth
STI sexually transmitted infection
SWAp sectorwide approach
TB tuberculosis
TCA tricyclic antidepressant
TDR Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases
TEHIP Tanzania Essential Health Interventions Program
THC tetrahydrocannabinol
TINP Tamil Nadu Integrated Nutrition Program
TLTI treatment for latent tuberculosis infection
TLV threshold limit value
TM traditional medicine
TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
UN United Nations
UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
URI upper respiratory tract infection
USAID U.S. Agency for International Development
VAD vitamin A deficiency
VC vital capacity
VCT voluntary counseling and testing
VERC village education resource center
VF ventilation factor
VIA visual inspection after application of an acetic acid solution
VL visceral leishmaniasis
VOI value-of-information (techniques)
VSL value of a statistical life
WFP World Food Programme
WHA World Health Assembly
WHO World Health Organization
WHO/TDR WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases
WHOCC WHO Collaborating Center
WISE work improvement in small enterprises
WTO World Trade Organization
YF yellow fever
YLD year of life lived with disability
YLL year of life lost
YLS year of life saved
All dollar amounts are U.S. dollars unless otherwise indicated.
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