Fertilizer ఎరువులు

 

Fertilizer

Some other names for fertilizer

manure

compost

dung

guano

humus

maul

mulch

potash

buffalo chips

cow chips

peat moss

plant food

top dressing

We live in a world of plenty. So much food is produced today that in some regions farmers are paid to not plant crops. But we haven’t always understood how to make plants grow.

People used organic fertilizer for many centuries but it could only improve agriculture production in a limited fashion also there was no way of increasing the amount of organic fertilizer in greater quantities.

The last great agricultural disaster was in 1816. Freezing temperatures throughout the year left crops destroyed. Many people in Western Europe and parts of North America went hungry. German chemist Justus von Liebig was a child during this time. That experience influenced Liebig profoundly, and he embarked on a career that led to a new discipline—organic chemistry—and the transformation of the agricultural industry.

In the 1840s, Liebig’s study of plant nutrition and his discovery of nitrogen (and its plant-based form, nitrate) as key to plant growth led to his nitrogen-based fertilizer and earned him the “father of fertilizer” moniker. Of course, his wasn’t the only name linked to the development of fertilizer. Agriculture is a 10,000-year-old tradition, and even in its earliest days, farmers used wood ash and manure to increase their crop yields. Gypsum, a mineral found in sedimentary rock in Earth’s crust, also was and still is used, providing sulfur for plant nutrition.

In 1900, German chemist Fritz Haber developed a process to synthesize nitrogen, plentiful in the air, into its plant-based form. He used high temperatures to combine hydrogen (derived from methane) with atmospheric nitrogen, creating ammonia, a building block of economically viable fertilizer. (Haber would win the Nobel Prize for his “Haber Process” in 1918.)

The Industrial Revolution had ushered in great demographic changes, and as more and more people moved from rural areas to cities, it became clear that food production would need to be massive and steady. The first fertilizer-manufacturing plant opened in Germany in 1913. At the same time that fertilizer production began on an industrial scale, munitions factories started capitalizing on the product’s combustive nature to make bombs. Throughout the first and second world wars, nitrogen fertilizer production became big business.

Nitrogen fertilizer production is a double-edged sword. Although it is responsible for about a third of our current food production, we pay a price for our reliance on it. The use of nitrogen-based fertilizer has had a profound effect on our environment. Runoff from crops destroys river and sea life, and the amount of energy needed to produce nitrogen fertilizer contributes to climate change, as do the greenhouse gases given off in the process.

Although it has eliminated world hunger in most parts of the The world. Some areas it is the reason for the obesity epidemic which is going to reduce the overall general human longevity/

Furthermore, fertilizer manufacturing plants are dangerous places to work: Plant explosions, while not common (there have only been 17 plant explosions since 1921), can cause high death tolls.

ఎరువులు

ఎరువుల కోసం మరికొన్ని పేర్లు

ఎరువు

కంపోస్ట్

పేడ

గ్వానో

హ్యూమస్

మౌల్

రక్షక కవచం

పొటాష్

గేదె చిప్స్

ఆవు చిప్స్

పీట్ నాచు

మొక్కల ఆహారం

టాప్ డ్రెస్సింగ్

మనం పుష్కలంగా ఉన్న ప్రపంచంలో జీవిస్తున్నాము. ఈ రోజు చాలా ఆహారం ఉత్పత్తి అవుతుంది, కొన్ని ప్రాంతాలలో రైతులు పంటలు అందించకుండా ఉండటానికికూడదని చెల్లిస్తారు. మొక్కలను ఎలా పెంచుకోవాలో మాకు ఎప్పుడూ అర్థం కాలేదు.

ప్రజలు అనేక శతాబ్దాలుగా సేంద్రీయ ఎరువులు ఉపయోగించారు, కానీ ఇది వ్యవసాయ ఉత్పత్తిని పరిమిత పద్ధతిలో మాత్రమే మెరుగుపరుస్తుంది, సేంద్రియ ఎరువుల పరిమాణాన్ని ఎక్కువ పరిమాణంలో పెంచే మార్గం లేదు.

చివరి గొప్ప వ్యవసాయ విపత్తు 1816 లో జరిగింది. ఏడాది పొడవునా గడ్డకట్టే ఉష్ణోగ్రతలు పంటలు నాశనమయ్యాయి. పశ్చిమ ఐరోపాలో మరియు ఉత్తర అమెరికా లోని చాలా మంది ప్రజలు ఆకలితో ఉన్నారు. ఈ సమయంలో జర్మన్ రసాయన శాస్త్రవేత్త జస్టస్ వాన్ లీబిగ్ చిన్నపిల్ల. ఆ అనుభవం లైబిగ్‌ను తీవ్రంగా ప్రభావితం చేసింది, మరియు అతను ఒక కొత్త క్రమశిక్షణ-సేంద్రీయ కెమిస్ట్రీ-మరియు వ్యవసాయ పరిశ్రమ యొక్క పరివర్తన కు దారి తీసిన వృత్తి ని ప్రారంభించు.

1840 లలో, మొక్కల పోషణ కు లైబిగ్ అధ్యయనం మరియు మొక్కల పెరుగుదల కు కీలక మైన నత్రజని ని (మరియు దాని మొక్కల ఆధారిత రూపం, నైట్రేట్) అతని నత్రజని ఆధారిత గురువులేక దారితీసింది మరియు అతనికి “ఎరువుల తండ్రి” మోనియర్ సంపాదించినది. వాస్తవానికి, ఎరువుల అభివృద్ధి కి అనుసంధానించబడిన ఏకైక పేరు అతనిది కాదు. వ్యవసాయం 10,000 సంవత్సరముల పురాతన సాంప్రదాయం, మరియు దాని ప్రారంభక రోజులలో కూడా, రైతు లు తమ పంట దిగుబడి ని పెంచడానికి కలప బూడిద మరియు ఎరువు ను ఉపయోగించారు. భూమి యొక్క క్రస్ట్‌లోని అవక్షేపణ శిలలో లభించే ఖనిజమైన జిప్సం కూడా మొక్కల పోషణ కు సల్ఫర్‌ను అందిస్తుంది.

1900 లో, జర్మన్ రసాయన శాస్త్రవేత్త ఫ్రిట్జ్ హేబర్ గాలిలో సమృద్ధి గా ఉన్న నత్రజని ని దాని మొక్కల ఆధారిత రూపం లో సంశ్లేషణ చేసే ప్రక్రియ ను అభివృద్ధి చేశాడు. వాతావరణ నత్రజనితో హైడ్రోజన్ (మీథేన్ నుండి తీసుకోబడినది) కలపడానికి అతను అధిక ఉష్ణోగ్రతను ఉపయోగించాడు, ఆర్థికంగా లాభదాయకమైన ఎరువుల నిర్మాణ విభాగమైన అమ్మోనియాను సృష్టించాడు. (హేబర్ 1918 లో తన “హేబర్ ప్రాసెస్” కోసం నోబెల్ బహుమతి ని గెలుచుకున్నాడు.)

పారిశ్రామిక విప్లవం గొప్ప జనాభా మార్పులకు దారితీసింది, మరియు ఎక్కువ మంది ప్రజలు గ్రామీణ ప్రాంతాల నుండి నగరాలకు మారినప్పుడు, ఆహార ఉత్పత్తి భారీగా మరియు స్థిరంగా ఉండాల్సిన అవసరం ఉందని స్పష్టమైంది. మొదటి ఎరువులు-తయారీ కర్మాగారం 1913 లో జర్మనీ లో ప్రారంభించబడింది. అదే సమయంలో ఎరువుల ఉత్పత్తి పారిశ్రామిక స్థాయి లో ప్రారంభమైనప్పుడు, ఆయుధ కర్మాగారము బాంబు లను తయారు చేయడానికి ఉత్పత్తి యొక్క దహన స్వభావాన్ని ఉపయోగించడం ప్రారంభించాయి. మొదటి మరియు రెండవ ప్రపంచ యుద్ధాలలో, నత్రజని ఎరువుల ఉత్పత్తి పెద్ద వ్యాపారం గా మారింది.

నత్రజని ఎరువుల ఉత్పత్తి రెండు వైపుల కత్తి. మా ప్రస్తుత ఆహార ఉత్పత్తి లో మూడింట ఒక వంతు కు ఇది బాధ్యత వహిస్తున్నప్పటికీ, దానిపై ఆధారపడటానికి మనం ఒక ధరను చెల్లిస్తాము. నత్రజని ఆధారిత ఎరువుల వాడకం మన పర్యావరణం పై తీవ్ర ప్రభావాన్ని చూపింది. పంటల నుండి  ఈ కృత్రిమ ఎరువులు నీటిలో కలిసిప్రవహించడం  ద్వారా  నదులుమరియు సముద్రంలో ఉండే జలచరాల జీవితాన్ని నాశనం చేస్తుంది మరియు నత్రజని ఎరువులు ఉత్పత్తి చేయడానికి అవసరమైన శక్తి వాతావరణ మార్పులకు దోహదం చేస్తుంది, గ్రీన్ హౌస్ వాయువు లు ఈ ప్రక్రియ లో  బయట పడతాయి/

ఇది ప్రపంచం లోని చాలా ప్రాంతాల్లో ప్రపంచ ఆకలిని తొలగించినప్పటికీ. కొన్ని ప్రాంతాలలో ఊబకాయం మహమ్మారికి కారణం, ఇది మొత్తం సాధారణ మానవ దీర్ఘాయువు తక్కువ చేయడానికి దోహదపడుతుంది. 

ఇంకా, ఎరువుల తయారీ కర్మాగారాలు పని చేయడానికి ప్రమాదకరమైన ప్రదేశాలు: మొక్కల పేలుళ్లు సాధారణం కానప్పటికీ (1921 నుండి 17 మొక్కల పేలుళ్లు మాత్రమే జరిగాయి),ప్రమాదాలు  జరిగినప్పుడు మాత్రం అధిక మరణాల సంఖ్యకు కారణమవుతాయి.

 A REAL STUD

AMERICA, 2003

Frameless glasses attaching to body piercing studs

US6557994B1

United States

Almost everyone hates wearing glasses. People who don’t wear glasses think this has more to do with vanity than anything but in fact the real reason spectacle-wearers get annoyed is that having an ounce or more of glass and metal perched on your nose for hours on end can be uncomfortable.

Even when you get used to the idea that you have to wear them, there’s the sheer awkwardness of trying to play sport with them on or wearing them in bad weather. And then there are the arms – the bits that hook over your ears. It’s been estimated that only about one in ten pairs of spectacles has arms that fit the wearer. Ideally the arms should be just short enough to stop the glasses slipping down your nose but just long enough to avoid giving you the sensation that someone is trying to pull your ears off. It’s a balance that’s hard to achieve and at least one American inventor convinced himself that he had the answer: eliminate the arms altogether and replace them with studs.

The idea had the advantage of linking with the hugely popular fashion for body piercing because the studs that the glasses were designed to attach to had to be gunned into position through the eyebrows. If you were going to have studs anyway, why not have the kind that would kill two birds with one stone and thus eliminate the need for those irritating spectacle arms and put yourself at the forefront of fashion? The design for the stud glasses was careful and meticulous. Frames were lightweight with ingenious snap on and snap off magnetic pads. Early versions used a too-powerful magnet, which meant the wearer got into something of a tug of war with his or her own head before the glasses could be removed. Happily, by the time the glasses reached the marketplace these teething problems had been sorted and there was – surprisingly enough – a market for them, but it was a tiny market. The problem was that the bulk of the market for glasses is and always has been among the middle aged and elderly, who were always somewhat unlikely to rush out and get themselves fitted with eyebrow studs. As a result another great idea died in its infancy. But along California’s sunshine coast there are still to be seen pairs of stud-fixed spectacles, only now they are like rare birds and when their owners finally die the stud-fixed spectacle will disappear for ever.

రియల్ స్టడ్

అమెరికా, 2003

బాడీ కుట్లు స్టుడ్‌లకు అంటుకునే ఫ్రేమ్‌లెస్ గ్లాసెస్

US6557994B1

సంయుక్త రాష్ట్రాలు

దాదాపు అందరూ అద్దాలు ధరించడాన్ని ద్వేషిస్తారు. అద్దాలు ధరించని వ్యక్తులు దీనికి దేని కంటే వానిటీతో ఎక్కువ సంబంధం ఉందని అనుకుంటారు, కాని వాస్తవానికి కళ్ళజోడు ధరించేవారికి కోపం రావడానికి అసలు కారణం ఏమిటంటే, ఒక oun న్స్ లేదా అంతకంటే ఎక్కువ గాజు మరియు లోహాన్ని మీ ముక్కుపై గంటలు ఉంచడం అసౌకర్యంగా ఉంటుంది .

మీరు వాటిని ధరించాలి అనే ఆలోచనకు మీరు అలవాటు పడినప్పటికీ, వారితో క్రీడ ఆడటానికి ప్రయత్నించడం లేదా చెడు వాతావరణంలో వాటిని ధరించడం వంటి ఇబ్బందికరమైన విషయాలు ఉన్నాయి. ఆపై చేతులు ఉన్నాయి - మీ చెవులకు కట్టిపడేసే బిట్స్. పది జతల కళ్ళజోడులో ఒకటి మాత్రమే ధరించినవారికి సరిపోయే ఆయుధాలను కలిగి ఉన్నట్లు అంచనా. ఆదర్శవంతంగా చేతులు మీ ముక్కు నుండి జారిపోయే అద్దాలను ఆపడానికి తగినంత చిన్నదిగా ఉండాలి, కానీ ఎవరైనా మీ చెవులను లాగడానికి ప్రయత్నిస్తున్నారనే సంచలనాన్ని మీకు ఇవ్వకుండా ఉండటానికి సరిపోతుంది. ఇది సాధించడం చాలా కష్టం మరియు కనీసం ఒక అమెరికన్ ఆవిష్కర్త తనకు సమాధానం ఉందని తనను తాను ఒప్పించుకున్నాడు: ఆయుధాలను పూర్తిగా తొలగించి వాటిని స్టుడ్‌లతో భర్తీ చేయండి.

బాడీ కుట్లు కోసం అత్యంత ప్రజాదరణ పొందిన ఫ్యాషన్‌తో అనుసంధానం చేసే ఆలోచన ఈ ఆలోచనకు ఉంది, ఎందుకంటే అద్దాలు అటాచ్ చేయడానికి రూపొందించబడిన స్టుడ్స్ కనుబొమ్మల ద్వారా తుపాకీతో కాల్చవలసి ఉంటుంది. మీరు ఏమైనప్పటికీ స్టుడ్స్‌ను కలిగి ఉండబోతున్నట్లయితే, రెండు పక్షులను ఒకే రాయితో చంపి, ఆ చికాకు కలిగించే దృశ్య ఆయుధాల అవసరాన్ని తొలగించి, మిమ్మల్ని ఫ్యాషన్‌లో ముందంజలో ఉంచే రకం ఎందుకు ఉండకూడదు? స్టడ్ గ్లాసెస్ కోసం డిజైన్ జాగ్రత్తగా మరియు ఖచ్చితమైనది. ఫ్రేమ్‌లు తేలికైనవి, తెలివిగల స్నాప్ ఆన్ మరియు మాగ్నెటిక్ ప్యాడ్‌లను స్నాప్ చేస్తాయి. ప్రారంభ సంస్కరణలు చాలా శక్తివంతమైన అయస్కాంతాన్ని ఉపయోగించాయి, దీని అర్థం ధరించినవాడు అద్దాలు తొలగించే ముందు తన తలతో ఏదో ఒక టగ్ యుద్ధంలో చిక్కుకున్నాడు. సంతోషంగా, అద్దాలు మార్కెట్ స్థలానికి చేరుకునే సమయానికి ఈ దంతాల సమస్యలు క్రమబద్ధీకరించబడ్డాయి మరియు ఆశ్చర్యకరంగా తగినంత - వారికి మార్కెట్ ఉంది, కానీ ఇది ఒక చిన్న మార్కెట్. సమస్య ఏమిటంటే, అద్దాల మార్కెట్లో ఎక్కువ భాగం మరియు ఎల్లప్పుడూ మధ్య వయస్కులలో మరియు వృద్ధులలో ఉంది, వీరు ఎప్పుడూ బయటకు వెళ్లి తమను తాము కనుబొమ్మ స్టుడ్‌లతో అమర్చడానికి కొంత అవకాశం లేదు. ఫలితంగా మరొక గొప్ప ఆలోచన బాల్యంలోనే మరణించింది. కానీ కాలిఫోర్నియా యొక్క సూర్యరశ్మి తీరం వెంబడి ఇంకా స్టడ్-ఫిక్స్‌డ్ కళ్ళజోడు చూడవచ్చు, ఇప్పుడు అవి అరుదైన పక్షులలా ఉన్నాయి మరియు వాటి యజమానులు చివరకు చనిపోయినప్పుడు స్టడ్-ఫిక్స్‌డ్ కళ్ళజోడు ఎప్పటికీ అదృశ్యమవుతుంది.

ZOMBIE_TITS 1 The most powerful punch on Earth?  Peacock mantis shrimp (Odontodactylus scyllarus)

  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tRuYbYFnUQ&ab_channel=ScubaCube

excerpt from

Zombie Tits, Astronaut Fish and Other Weird Animals

Title: Zombie Tits, Astronaut Fish and Other Weird Animals Author(s): Becky Crew Publisher: University of New South Wales Press Year: 2013 ISBN: 174223321X,9781742233215

The most powerful punch on Earth? Peacock mantis shrimp(Odontodactylus scyllarus)

At no more than 18 centimetres long, the peacock mantis shrimp is small, but it packs a punch with the acceleration of a .22 calibre bullet. There are 400 known species in the stomatopod, or ‘mantis shrimp’, group, which contains solitary-living, predatory crustaceans that are technically neither mantis nor shrimp. They are found in tropical and sub-tropical waters, with more than half of all species occurring in the IndoWest Pacific region. They spend their days holed up in burrows or crevices in shallow coral reefs and on the sandy seabed as far as 1500 metres below the surface. The peacock mantis shrimp (Odontodactylus scyllarus) is arguably the most beautiful of all the stomatopods, with velvety olive, red, and brilliant turquoise varieties, each with a dual chain of deep red legs and the strangest barely-pink eyes. They are distinguished by the spattering of orange leopard spots across the white of their anterior, or frontal, carapace, which, when the peacock mantis shrimp is face-on, give it the appearance of an exotic lily. Mantis shrimp species are grouped according to their hunting techniques. There are the ‘spearers’, with front legs that end in a barbed spike perfect for impaling fish, and the larger ‘smashers’, who thrust their club-shaped claws at speeds of up to 23 metres per second to shatter the protective shells of crabs, clams and snails. Even larger prey such as octopuses and clown fish are not safe from the peacock mantis shrimp, and you wouldn’t handle one if you were fond of having a complete set of digits. One of the world’s top mantis shrimp experts, Roy Caldwell, a professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley, tells the tale of a South African surgeon who once tried to remove a peacock mantis shrimp from its tank, only to have his finger mangled so badly it required amputation. And several aquariums have had their tanks destroyed by peacock mantis shrimp, a particular individual named Tyson famously smashing through his tank’s 0.6-centimetre-thick glass in 1998. Little Tyson was only 10 centimetres long. In 2004, Caldwell and his colleagues got hold of a US$60 000 high-speed camera, capable of shooting 100 000 frames per second, to investigate the peacock mantis shrimp’s lightning-fast punch. By slowing the action down by a factor of 883, the team discovered that the creature had an odd, saddle-shaped spring within the hinge of the club. Known as a hyperbolic paraboloid, this type of spring arrangement is often used by engineers and architects to reinforce buildings, but is rarely seen in nature. Like a crossbow, it stays locked and compressed while the mantis shrimp’s front leg is cocked, which stores elastic energy until the latch is suddenly released as the arm is extended. The spring gives the claw a peak acceleration of 10 000 times the force of gravity, and strike forces that are thousands of times the peacock mantis shrimp’s body weight. According to Sheila Patek from Harvard University, a biologist who co-authored the paper with Caldwell in Nature that year, the speed of this strike far exceeds most measured animal movements, except that of the trap-jaw ant (Odontomachus bauri) of Central and South America. Patek went on to lead a research team that measured the speed at which this ant snaps shut its mandibles, which are the pair of appendages near its mouth. Using high-speed videography, the researchers clocked the speed at 35–64 metres per second – 2300 times faster than the blink of an eye – which they claimed in a 2006 paper in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences is the fastest self-powered predatory strike in the animal kingdom. Patek is now investigating the movements of other mantis shrimp species, and thinks the peacock mantis shrimp could have a rival in its own family. ‘Each species has different strike features – some are faster and some are much slower,’ she says. ‘And, although we haven’t published it yet, we have found another mantis shrimp species that may be even more impressive than the peacock mantis shrimp.’ Patek and Caldwell’s team also found that the peacock mantis shrimp’s punch was particularly destructive due to a process known as cavitation. Its super-fast strike lowers the pressure in the water surrounding the point of impact, causing it to boil and produce exploding bubbles. While emitting a loud clicking noise, and sometimes even flashes of bright light, these bubbles will soften the hard shells of sea snails and clams when they explode, making it easier for the peacock mantis shrimp to break through its prey’s armoured exterior. **** Poor Peacock Mantis Shrimp. With a punch like that, he’s going to have a hard time convincing the entire ocean that he’s not a total psychopath. One night he’ll be at home, quietly ironing and watching something with Gordon Ramsay in it, when a pair of unexpected visitors will turn up on his doorstep. ‘Yes?’ Two starfish in police uniforms will invite themselves inside, drink a cup of his very expensive tea and tell him they’ve both seen this episode already and how great is Gordon Ramsay? ‘Yeah, I know. That’s why I’m watching it.’ ‘Anyway,’ they’ll say, ‘you’re the main suspect in the murder of a crab whose mashed-up remains were found in a garbage bin behind the gym tonight.’ ‘What? I don’t murder crabs, I buy my crab meat from the supermarket, like everyone else,’ Peacock Mantis Shrimp 

Not only can the peacock mantis shrimp throw one hell of a punch, it also has the most sophisticated eyes of any animal in the world. Like flies, honeybees and praying mantises, the mantis shrimp has a pair of compound eyes made up of many different facets. The surface consists of two hemispheres separated by a midband, and all three sections are capable of viewing an object independently of each other. This is known as trinocular vision, and it is far superior to ZombieTitsText2Proof.indd 11 30/07/12 1:53 PM Hunters 12 the binocular vision humans have, because we need to use both of our eyes simultaneously to achieve the best result. The mantis shrimp’s midband is separated into six rows of ommatidia, which are structures that carry a cluster of light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors. The first four rows of ommatidia contain specific types of photoreceptors that respond to different wavelengths of light, allowing the mantis shrimp to see in both the infrared and ultraviolet range. Special filters allow each photoreceptor to respond to changing light conditions in the area. The fifth and six rows contain photoreceptors that can detect different planes of polarised light, according to a 2008 Current Biology study led by biologist Tsyr-Huei Chiou from the University of Maryland in the US. Non-polarised light is the kind that comes from the Sun and is visible to humans, and it is made up of electromagnetic waves that oscillate in a direction perpendicular to the way the light is travelling. If this direction is restricted, for example, if non-polarised light is made to pass through a particular type of crystal or reflected off the surface of water, the oscillations will be forced to point in the same direction that the light is travelling. This produces a particular form called linear polarised light, which appears as nothing more than a bright glare to the human eye. The mantis shrimp is the only type of animal known to detect another type of polarised light called circular polarised light (CPL), which is produced under the water where linear polarised light is scattered as it heads towards the surface. Chiou found that three species of mantis shrimp have shells ZombieTitsText2Proof.indd 12 30/07/12 1:53 PM The most powerful punch on Earth? 13 that can reflect CPL, which causes them to change colour. He suggested that the function of this could be that of a ‘secret communication channel’, allowing courting individuals to send sexual signals to each other without attracting the attention of predatory squids and octopuses that are unable to perceive the reflections. In mid-2011, researchers from Penn State University in the US described in Nature Communications how their investigation into the visual mechanisms of the peacock mantis shrimp helped them to invent two-part waveplate technology that could improve CD, DVD, Blu-ray and holographic technology. And elsewhere, researchers are working to improve the CPL filters used in both ordinary and high-tech medical photography by gaining a better understanding of just how the most incredible eyes in the world operate. 

Why is it useless to have "up-to-date" as memory aid for American Board of internal medicine maintenance of certification examination

 

I did a search on up-to-date for Senility

and this is what I get very useful indeed!

Showing results for sterility; No results for Senility

Did you mean: debility

Overview of infertility

… topic review will provide an overview of infertility issues. More detailed discussions of both male and female infertility are found elsewhere. Infertility is a unique medical condition because …

Evaluation of female infertility

…etiology and treatment of female infertility, as well as the etiology, evaluation, and treatment of male infertility, are discussed separately. Both partners of an infertile couple should be evaluated …

Approach to the male with infertility

… apparent cause for infertility, whereas infertile men with idiopathic dysspermatogenesis have abnormal semen analyses. The precise epidemiology of prevalence and causes of male infertility has never been …

Causes of female infertility

… couples in developed countries, male factor infertility in 8 percent, and both male and female factor infertility in 35 percent . The remaining couples had unexplained infertility or became pregnant during the …

Treatments for female infertility

…The evaluation of female infertility, as well as the causes and treatment of male infertility, are discussed separately: The only absolute contraindications to infertility therapy are contraindication …

Treatments for male infertility

… analysis and no apparent cause for infertility, whereas infertile men with idiopathic dysspermatogenesis have abnormal semen analyses. Treatment of male infertility should be guided by the following general …

Causes of male infertility

…The causes of male infertility will be reviewed here. The evaluation and treatment of male infertility and issues related to unexplained infertility are discussed separately. Infertility in a couple is …

Unexplained infertility

…couples with unexplained infertility will be reviewed here. Diagnosis and treatment of known causes of infertility are discussed separately: Unexplained infertility refers to the absence of …

Overview of infertility and pregnancy outcome in cancer survivors

…seek treatment for infertility, female survivors were less likely than their siblings to be prescribed infertility medications (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.46-0.70). Risk factors for infertility included increasing …

Optimizing natural fertility in couples planning pregnancy

… but not necessarily absent. For this reason, the term subfertility is often used instead of infertility. Sterility is the inability to produce offspring. Fecundability is the probability of achieving a pregnancy …

Show More Results

Learn how UpToDate can help you.

For more information on subscription options, click below on the option that best describes you:

Low tech ,Slow Medicine Prevent medication errors with medication reconciliation.

 Prevent medication errors with medication reconciliation.

 Medication reconciliation.vould have most likely prevented this patient's medication error.

Medication reconciliation is the process of creating an accurate comprehensive list of patient's prescriptions and nonprescription medications.

(Including the dose, frequency, route of administration.) When comparing the list to medication orders at admission, transfer, discharge to resolve inconsistencies. Completion of medication reconciliation decreases adverse drug events. Although the effect on hospital readmissions, morbidity and mortality is less clear, medication reconciliation should occur at all care transitions prevent medication errors.

Although this is a very low-tech and slow medicine with great improvement of patient care it takes time and time is money in medicine. Anything which takes time is pushed onto the lowest rung on the ladder of authority. So invariably tends to end up in the hands of the certified nursing assistant who does not seem to have any idea what these medications are for similar to that of the elderly patient so all the hot air which is spewed out of the experts in academic institutions regarding medication reconciliation being a low-tech and slow low cost medicine which can do an excellent preventive job of medication errors which in fact it does if it is done by the physician and some being down by the certified nursing assistant defeating the whole purpose. Many a time even the physician is in quandary because patients are given these medications by multiple specialist physicians who practice in their own watertight silos and have absolutely no time or inclination to look at patients other problems and medications signed and the whole shebang falls into the lap of the primary care physician who already is time constrained. So I would like to throw open the discussion to the general public who may read this blog to come up with alternate solutions.

One very low-tech slow medicine intervention which I have found useful is a computer printout of all the medications taken by the patient once quarterly can ask a friend or relative who is computer savvy to look into the list and see what medications can be reduced and what medications are not being taken and whether there is a need to make sure that the patient takes those medications are not and also discussed with the patient why she is not taking effect medication and also go into the financial aspects in order to reduce polypharmacy and also to improve patient adherence.

Gobbedly gook for Somatization disorder Treatment

Not only expect patient's feelings of frustration : acknowledging these f(.'cl

ings early in the patiem'.s management<-arly in the  <oursc can 1 h<'lp to

build and strengthen the therap-ulit· alli.1n<.e. Managt't11cnl

of MUS requires a patient f()cused. hoJistic. and muJtimodal

approach. ·the goals or m~mag<.·mt-nl art· fum.:lionaJ resto

ration. decreased symptom focus. and aqtt.hsiition or cop

ing mechanisms r'alhcr than ~b.1l(·m-1.,1l of' symptoms. Oflkc

visits shoultl bt· shteduled aH rcgulnr imerv:.ls. allowinJ~ f0r

additiona1 disctt.\"Sion. cdut·aCional opportunilit-s. and longitudinal reassessment.

Summary of urinary markers for bladder cancer

 Table 1.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3702217/#:~:text=To%20date%2C%20the%20only%20urinary,follow%2Dup%20of%20bladder%20cancer.

Summary of urinary markers for bladder cancer

Test (Manufacturer) Marker detected Assay type FDA approval

Cytology Tumor cells Microscopy N/A

BLCA-4

(Eichrom Technologies) Nuclear matrix protein Sandwich ELISA (rabbit polyclonal antibody) –

BTA stat®

(Polymedco) Complement factor H-related protein and complement factor H Immunoassay or point-of-care For diagnosis & follow-up

BTA TRAK®

(Polymedco) Complement factor H-related protein and complement factor H Sandwich ELISA For diagnosis & follow-up

CYFRA 21-1

(Bio International; Roche Diagnostics) Cytoskeletal protein (cytokeratin 19) Immunoradiometric assay or ELISA –

DD23

(UroCor Labs) 185-kDa tumor associated antigen Immunocytochemistry –

NMP22/BladderChek®

(Alere) Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein Sandwich ELISA or point-of-care For diagnosis & follow-up

Survivin

(Fujirebio Diagnostics) Inhibitor of apoptosis gene Bio-dot test (rabbit polyclonal antibody) –

UBC™

(IDL Biotech) Cytoskeletal proteins (cytokeratin 8 and 18) Sandwich ELISA or point-of-care –

ImmunoCyt™/uCyt+™

(Scimedx) Carcinoembryonic antigen, two bladder tumor cell-associated mucins Immunocytochemistry For follow-up

UroVysion™

(Abbott, Vysis) Alterations in chromosomes 3, 7, 17, and 9p21 FISH For diagnosis & follow-up

Open in a separate window

ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FISH, fluorescence in-situ hybridization