Certificate in Community Health Science; medical terminology some words to practice

  Learning Terminology

  Prefixes and Suffixes in Medical Terms

  Body Structure

  The Integumentary System

DERMATOLOGY

  The Musculoskeletal System

ORTHOPEDICS RHEUMATOLOGY

  The Cardiovascular System

CARDIOLOGY

  The Respiratory System

OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY PULMONOLOGY

  The Nervous System

NEUROLOGY ANESTHESIOLOGY

  The Urinary System

UROLOGY

  The Female Reproductive System

OBSTETRICS GYNECOLOGY

  The Male Reproductive System

UROLOGY

  The Blood System

HEMATOLOGY

  The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

IMMUNOLOGY

  The Digestive System

GASTROENTEROLOGY

  The Endocrine System

ENDOCRINOLOGY

  The Sensory System

OPHTHALMOLOGY OTOLOGY

  Human Development

PEDIATRICS GERONTOLOGY

thi_fm_i-xxxii.indd Seciii //  PM

Rev. Confirming Pages

iv

  Terms in Oncology—Cancer and Its Causes

ONCOLOGY

  Diagnostic Imaging Radiation Oncology and Surgery

RADIOLOGY ONCOLOGY SURGERY

  Terms in Psychiatry

PSYCHIATRY PSYCHOLOGY

  Terms in Dental Practice

DENTISTRY

  Terms in Pharmacology

PHARMACOLOGY

  Terms in Complementary and Alternative Medicine

APPENDIX A Combining Forms Prefixes and Suffixes

APPENDIX B Abbreviations—Ones to Use and Ones to Avoid

APPENDIX C English Glossary

APPENDIX D Normal Laboratory Values

APPENDIX E Medical Terminology Style

A

Abdomen

examination of fetal  f

normal appearance of  f

topographic detection of fetal anomalies

in

Abdominal and abdominal wall

abnormalities

anterior abdominal wall anomalies

–

bladder exstrophy  f

cloacal exstrophy  f

ectopia cordis  f

exomphalos 

gastroschisis 

first trimester detection

body stalk anomaly  f  f

fetal MRI of

gastrointestinal abnormalities

ascites  f

duodenal atresia  f

ileal atresia

jejunal atresia

large bowel obstruction  f

large bowel pathology

meconium ileus

meconium peritonitis

f

megacystis microcolon intestinal

hypoperistalsis syndrome

 f

oesophageal atresia  f

t

stomach

intra-abdominal

adrenal haemorrhage  f

adrenal masses  f

calcification  t

choledochal cyst  t f

cysts  t

extra-lobar pulmonary sequestration

 f

gall bladder

liver

neuroblastoma

normal anatomy of  f

spleen  f

limb-body wall complex  f

normal appearances of anterior

abdominal wall  f

normal variants pitfalls and artefacts

 f

Abdominal cavity calcification

f

Abdominal circumference (AC)  f

Abdominal cysts

Abdominal lymphangioma f

Abdominal tumours

Aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA)

 f

Abnormal growth fetal

Abnormalities

cardiac

skeletal

urinary tract

Abruption placental  f

‘Absent’ bladder

Absent pulmonary valve syndrome

f

AC. see Abdominal circumference (AC)

Acardiac twins

Achondrogenesis f  t

diagnostic tests in utero

frontal bossing b

incidence of

prognosis of

recurrence risk and screening strategy

of

type I

type II 

ultrasound findings of 

Achondroplasia f  f

frontal bossing b

heterozygous 

homozygous

Acrania

Acrocallosal syndrome t

ADPKD. see Autosomal dominant

polycystic kidney disease

(ADPKD)

Adrenal gland renal agenesis and

f

Adrenal haemorrhage  f

Adrenal masses  f

Agenesis of the cerebellar vermis f

Agenesis of the corpus callosum

f

Agyria

Aicardi syndrome

Alagille syndrome t

Alcohol teratogenic effects of t

Algorithm for trisomy 

Alobar holoprosencephaly diagnosis of

 f

Index

Page numbers followed by ‘f’ indicate figures ‘t’ indicate tables and ‘b’ indicate boxes.

Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) fetal growth

restriction and

Alpha-thalassaemia with mental handicap

t

Alveolar ridge f

Ambiguous genitalia  f

f

Amelia t

Amniocentesis

of pleural effusion f

timing of

Amniotic band syndrome f  f

facial clefting and  t

Amniotic bands with constriction of right

index finger f

Amniotic fluid (AF)

fetal skin

fetal swallowing

fetal urine production

measurement of sonographic technique

of  f

oligohydramnios  f t

particulate matter 

nd trimester

rd trimester

pathways contributing to production

of t

polyhydramnios

pre-term premature rupture of

membranes

production of  t

quantification of

removal of

subjective assessment of

twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome

 f

ultrasound evaluation of

volume assessment of fetal growth and

volume disorders of

volume regulation of  f

Amniotic fluid index (AFI) 

f

Amniotic sludge  f

Anaemia

aplastic

assessment of

fetal

causes of t

invasive methods for assessing

non-invasive methods for assessing

–

 Index

Parvovirus B infection and

–

treatment of

haemolytic

placental chorioangioma and

Anal atresia

Androgens teratogenic effects of t

Anechoic hypo-echoic lakes  f

Anencephaly   f

associated anomalies and risk of

chromosomal defect

differential diagnosis

first-trimester detection

obstetric management

Aneuploidies

common phenotypic expression of

–

fetal

fetal defects associated with

screening for

Aneurysm of vein of Galen  f

Angelman syndrome t

Angiomatous stroma

Anhydramnios f

due to urethral atresia f

Anophthalmia

Antenatal monitoring

amniotic fluid volume assessment

biophysical profile

fetal biometry

fetal Doppler

ductus venosus (DV)  f

middle cerebral artery (MCA)

f

umbilical artery  f

fetal heart rate monitoring

Anterior meningocoele

Anterior sacral meningocoele  f

Antero-posterior abdominal diameter

(APAD)

Aorta  f

coarctation of   t

Aortic arch f

interrupted

Aortic atresia   t

Aortic stenosis  t

Apert syndrome t t

Aplastic anaemia

Appendicular skeleton 

Arachnoid cyst 

Arm skeletal abnormalities f

Arnold Chiari II malformation  f

f

ARPKD. see Autosomal recessive polycystic

kidney disease (ARPKD)

Arrhythmias. see Fetal arrhythmias

ARSA. see Aberrant right subclavian artery

(ARSA)

Arteriovenous (AV) malformations

Arthrogryposis (joint contractures)

  f

investigations of

Ascites  f

fetal f f f

isolated  f

Association fetal anomalies  t

Atresia

duodenal  f

oesophageal

Atrial isomerism

left  f

right 

Atrioventricular connection absent

left 

right 

Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) f

t 

Atrioventricular valves reverse off-setting

of  f

Autoimmune thrombocytopaenia

–

Autolysis  f

Autopsy

identification of unsuspected or

associated findings

perinatal

cardiac defects

CNS abnormalities and

fetal hydrops

gastrointestinal tract anomalies

intrauterine growth restriction

(IUGR)

late stillbirth

renal system anomalies

respiratory tract anomalies

f

skeletal dysplasias and

potential uses of data

samples for genetic analysis

Autosomal dominant inheritance t

 f

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney

disease (ADPKD) 

postnatal management of

in pregnancy/delivery

sonographic diagnosis of  f

Autosomal recessive inheritance t

 f

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney

disease (ARPKD)

 f

postnatal management of

in pregnancy/delivery

sonographic diagnosis of

Axial skeleton

Axial venous sinus thrombosis f

B

‘Ballantyne syndrome’

‘Banana’ sign

Bardet-Beidl syndrome t

Barth syndrome

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome f

t t f 

Beemer-Langer syndrome

Bent bones t

Bifid rib with vertebral abnormality

f

Bilateral cystic kidney dysplasia f

Bilateral pleural effusions f

Biophysical profile score (BPS) fetal

growth and

Biparietal diameter (BPD)

Bird headed dwarfism  f

Bladder

abnormalities of fetal

distended

exstrophy of  f

f

fetal  f

formation of f

non-obstructed distended

obstruction  f

use of colour flow Doppler for location

of  f

Bladder outlet obstruction

Blake’s pouch cyst  f

Blood group systems t

Blood transfusion fetal f

Body-stalk anomaly  f  f

Borderline ventriculomegaly. see Mild

ventriculomegaly

BPS. see Bronchopulmonary sequestration

(BPS)

Brachycephaly 

Bradycardias 

Brain development normal fetal MRI of

Brain/liver weight ratio

Brain malformations fetal

Brain structure

transcerebellar plane f

transthalamic plane  f

transventricular plane f

ultrasound

see also Central nervous system

Brain sulcation

Brain teratomas

Brain vesicles

Bronchial/tracheal atresia

f

Bronchogenic cyst  f

Bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS)

–

definition and spectrum of disease

differential diagnosis of  f

outcome of

pitfalls of  f

prognosis of

ultrasound findings of

Index

C

Calcification

abdominal cavity  f

of placenta  f

Campomelic dysplasia  f

Carbimazole teratogenic effects of t

Cardiac abnormalities  f

–

abbreviations

abnormal heart

additional malformations in fourchamber

view

Ebstein’s anomaly  f

tricuspid valve dysplasia

f

ventricular septal defect

atrioventricular connection absent

left 

right 

atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD)

cardiac failure

counselling and management in

–

disproportion of ventricles

f

double inlet ventricle  f

early fetal echocardiography

technique of 

tricuspid valve assessment and

tricuspid regurgitation

examination of

four-chamber view

great artery and arch views

fetal arrhythmias

bradycardias 

tachycardias

great artery abnormalities

hypoplastic left heart syndrome

–

isomerism

mitral atresia 

pericardial effusion  f

primary tumours

reverse off-setting of atrioventricular

valves  f

risk groups for and indications for

referral t

spatio-temporal image correlation and

rendering for 

Cardiac failure

Cardiac malformations  t

Cardiac rhabdomyoma t

Cardiomegaly f

Cardiomyopathies 

Cardiotocograph (CTG) use of

Carpenter syndrome t

Cataracts congenital  f

Catecholaminergic polymorphic

ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)

Caudal regression syndrome

f

versus sirenomelia t

ultrasound diagnosis of

Cavum septum pellucidum (CSP)

 f

abnormalities of

absence of f

Cavum septum vergae  f

CCAM. see Congenital cystic adenomatoid

malformation (CCAM) of the

lung

CCD. see Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD)

CDH. see Congenital diaphragmatic

hernia (CDH)

Cebocephaly  

Cell free fetal DNA (cffDNA)

Central nervous system

brain structure

transcerebellar plane f

transthalamic plane  f

transventricular plane f

–

ultrasound

normal appearance

Central nervous system abnormalities

acrania

agenesis of corpus callosum

anencephaly

aneurysm of vein of Galen

arachnoid cyst

Arnold Chiari II malformation

cerebellar hypoplasia

cisterna magna enlarged

Dandy-Walker malformation

exencephaly

fetal MRI of

heterotopias

holoprosencephaly

lissencephaly

mega cisterna magna

porencephaly

schizencephaly

septo-optic dysplasia

sonographic approach to

ventriculomegaly

Central nervous system anomalies

anencephaly/exencephaly first-trimester

detection

Dandy-Walker malformation

first-trimester detection

first-trimester detection

holoprosencephaly

spina bifida

ventriculomegaly first-trimester

detection

Centric fusion. see Robertsonian

translocation

Centrum

Cerebellar abnormalities  f

Cerebellar hypoplasia  b

f

frontal lobe atrophy with f

Cerebellum  f  

f

Cerebral cortex acquired defects of

Cerebral mantle

abnormalities of

acquired defects of

Cerebral toxoplasmosis f

Cerebrum

Cervical teratoma f

cffDNA. see Cell free fetal DNA (cffDNA)

CGH. see Comparative genomic

hybridization (CGH)

CHAOS. see Congenital high airway

obstruction syndrome (CHAOS)

CHARGE syndrome

Chest defects in polyhydramnios and

Chest wall hamartomas

Chiari III malformation

CHM. see Complete hydatidiform mole

(CHM)

Choledochal cyst  t f

Chondrodysplasia punctata f

f t

Chorioangiomas of placenta

f

ultrasound features of

Chorionicity  f

determination of in twin pregnancies

Choroid plexus  f

cysts  f

papillomas

thinning of in ventriculomegaly

–

Chromosomal anomalies

aneuploidies

contiguous gene syndromes/

microdeletions

deletions/duplications

and fetal hydrops

nomenclature  f

risk assessment for

Chromosomal microdeletion syndromes

t

Chromosome puffs

Cisterna magna (CM)   f

f

effacement

enlarged

Cleft lip/palate  t–t f

D  f

D  f f

angled insonation technique

f

flipped face view  f

reverse face view  f

alveolus  f  f

 Index

bilateral  f

midline  f

Clefting

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD)

Cloaca

abnormalities of

exstrophy of  f  f

persistent  f

Cloacal dysgenesis

sequence

Cloacal folds

Closed lip schizencephaly

Closed spinal dysraphisms (CSDs) f

 f

Cloverleaf skull f

CM. see Cisterna magna (CM)

Cocaine teratogenic effects of t

Coffin Lowry syndrome

Colonic atresia

Colour Doppler

for bronchopulmonary sequestration

–

for CCAM

for location of bladder  f

Colpocephaly  f

Comparative genomic hybridization

(CGH)  f

Complete hydatidiform mole (CHM)

Computed tomography D in skeletal

assessment

Congenital arachnoid cysts

Congenital cystic adenomatoid

malformation (CCAM) of the

lung

definition and spectrum of disease

–

differential diagnosis of

outcome of

pitfalls of

prognosis of

ultrasound findings of 

Congenital diaphragmatic eventration

f

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)

 

definition spectrum of disease and

incidence

differential diagnosis and pitfalls of

prognosis management and outcome

of  f t

ultrasound findings of

Congenital heart defects

Congenital heart disease (CHD)

Congenital high airway obstruction

syndrome (CHAOS)

f

Congenital/infantile fibrosarcoma

–

Congenital mesoblastic nephroma

–

Congenital pulmonary airway

malformation f

Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV)

 f

Conjoined twinning  f

Connatal cysts  f

Consent for prenatal autopsy

Cord insertion f

Cordocentesis

Corpus callosum  f

f 

lipoma of

Counselling

cardiac abnormalities and

parents

Cowden syndrome t

CPVT. see Catecholaminergic polymorphic

ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)

Cranial abnormalities

brain structure

transcerebellar plane

transthalamic plane

transventricular plane

ultrasound scan

of cranial vault

embryology  t f

head shape and size

brachycephaly

cloverleaf

dolicocephaly

encephalocoele

‘lemon shaped’ head

macrocephaly

microcephaly

strawberry-shaped head

of midline posterior fossa

of midline structures

neurosonography

normal anatomy and development

–

pitfalls and normal variants

sonographic approach to

Cranial meningocoele

Cranial vault abnormalities

Craniofrontonasal dysplasia t

frontal bossing b

Craniopharyngiomas f

Craniosynostosis syndromes

t f

Crossed ectopic kidney

f

Crouzon syndrome t

frontal bossing b

CSDs. see Closed spinal dysraphisms

(CSDs)

CTEV. see Congenital talipes equinovarus

(CTEV)

Cyclopia f

Cystic abnormalities of midline

structures

Cystic adenomatoid malformation

polyhydramnios and f

Cystic hygroma   t

f

fetal tumours  t f

neck  f

Cystic renal disease 

first-trimester detection

Cysts

abdominal

arachnoid 

Blake’s pouch  f

bronchogenic  f

choledochal  t f

choroid plexus  f

connatal  f

duplication t f

hepatic  f t

intra-abdominal  t

mesenteric t f

ovarian t f

posterior fossa f

pseudo t f

renal  f

subarachnoid f

subependymal

Tarlov

transient abdominal t

umbilical cord f

unilocular f

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)  f

 f f

management and counselling

outcome of fetal infection with

–

prenatal diagnosis of

teratogenic effects of t

teratogenicity

ultrasound features with

D

Dacrocystocoele  f

Dandy-Walker malformation  f

first-trimester detection  f

Dandy-Walker syndrome. see DandyWalker

malformation

Dangling choroid

Databases

Dating in twin pregnancies

De Morsier syndrome

Death determination of cause of

Deepest vertical pool (DVP)

Defects absence of in fetal aneuploidies

Deformations

in fetal anomalies

vs. disruptions and malformations t

Development stages of defects resulting

from disruption at t

Index

Diabetes maternal

polyhydramnios and

teratogenic effects t

Diaphragmatic hernia  f

first-trimester detection  f

magnetic resonance imaging of

Diastematomyelia 

prenatal associations of

type B f

Diastrophic dysplasia

Dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy

f

Dichorionic triamniotic triplet pregnancy

f

Dichorionic twin gestation lambda sign

of f

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI)

DiGeorge syndrome t  f

polyhydramnios and  f

Digoxin anti-arrhythmic drug t

Diprosopus

Disorders of sexual development (DSDs)

 f t

Disruptions

in fetal anomalies

vs. malformations and deformations

t

Dizygotic twins

structural anomaly in

Dolicocephaly

Doppler ultrasound evaluation of the

middle cerebral artery

f

Double inlet ventricle  f

DSDs. see Disorders of sexual

development (DSDs)

Ductus venosus Doppler  f

Ductus venosus flow first-trimester

ultrasound features of trisomies

   t  f

Ductus venosus waveforms  f

Duodenal atresia  f

first-trimester detection

Duodenum atresia of  f

Duplex kidney  f

Duplication cyst t f

Dural sinus thrombosis  f

Dysplasia

campomelic  f

cleidocranial

diastrophic

short rib  t

skeletal

thanatophoric

Dysplastic cerebellum f

Dysplastic kidneys  f

Dysraphisms

in foetus diagnosis of spina bifida and

–

spinal

closed f  f

open  f f

E

Ear

anomalies of

embryology of

normal appearance of f

ultrasound of f

Ebstein’s anomaly  f

Echogenic bowel  f  f

Echogenic kidneys t

Echogenic lung f

Echolucent cysts in CCAM f

Ectopia cordis  f

Ectopic beat  f

Ectopic kidney 

Ectrodactyly t  f t

Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia clefting

(EEC) syndrome t f

t

EDD. see Expected date of delivery (EDD)

Edward syndrome. see Trisomy

EEC syndrome. see Ectrodactylyectodermal

dysplasia clefting

(EEC) syndrome

Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome

t–t  f

t

Embryology

cranial  t f

facial  f

skeletal system

urinary tract

Encephalocoele  

–

associated anomalies and risk of

chromosomal defects

–

first-trimester detection  f

frontal  f

occipital

Enterolithiasis  f

Environmental factors  t

Ependymomas

Epidermolysis bullosa lethalis

Epignathus f t f

Epulis f t

Equinus

Erythrovirus

Estimated fetal weight (EFW) in large

gestational age (LGA) babies

–

Ethmocephaly  

holoprosencephaly associated with

 f

EUROCAT (European Concerted Action

on Congenital Anomalies and

Twins)

EUROFETUS study

European Growth Restriction Intervention

Trial (GRIT) in preterm

delivery

EUROSCAN study

EVC. see Ellis-van Creveld (EVC)

syndrome

Ex utero intrapartum therapy

Exencephaly 

first-trimester detection  f

EXIT procedure  f

types of

EXIT-to-airway procedure

EXIT-to-resection procedure

Exomphalos   f 

–

physiological f

postnatal management of

pregnancy management of  f

sonographic findings of

Expected date of delivery (EDD)

External genitalia development of f

Extra-lobar pulmonary sequestration

f  f

Extremities normal appearance

Eyes

embryology of  f

ultrasound of f

F

Face

normal appearance  f

sonographic approach  f

Facial abnormalities

classification of

craniosynostosis syndromes

t

detection rates of

diprosopus

ear

embryology of 

first-trimester detection  f

forehead

flat profile

frontal bossing  b f

lips and mouth

facial clefting  f t

tongue abnormalities

mandible

DiGeorge syndrome  f

hydrolethalus syndrome

micrognathia f  t

f

Pena-Shokeir syndrome

Pierre Robin syndrome

Seckel syndrome  f

nose and orbits

anophthalmia

cebocephaly  f

congenital cataracts  f

 Index

cyclopia f

dacrocystocoele  f

ethmocephaly  f

frontal encephalocoele

f

frontonasal dysplasia  f

holoprosencephaly

hypotelorism  f

median clefting  f

microphthalmia  f

otocephaly

pitfalls and artefacts

tumours  f

harlequin ichthyosis  f

teratoma f

ultrasound 

see also Cranial abnormalities

Facial clefting   f t

amniotic band syndrome t

cleft lip/palate  f  t–

t f

ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia

clefting syndrome t

f

first-trimester detection

holoprosencephaly

Miller syndrome t

Mohr syndrome t

Nyberg’s classification  f

Roberts syndrome t

ultrasound

Facio-auriculo-vertebral syndrome

 f

FADS. see Fetal Akinesia Deformation

Sequence (FADS)

Fallot’s tetralogy t

False-positive rate screening by maternal

age and

Family history fetal anomalies and

–

Fanconi anaemia t

FBS. see Fetal blood sampling (FBS)

FBV. see Fetal body volume (FBV)

Feet abnormalities of  f

t

Femoral facial syndrome (FFS)

Femur

length  f

short

skeletal abnormalities f

Femur-fibula-ulna complex (FFUC)

Feticide

Fetoscopic endotracheal balloon occlusion

(FETO)

Fetoscopic laser coagulation for

twin-to-twin transfusion

syndrome

FFS. see Femoral facial syndrome (FFS)

FFUC. see Femur-fibula-ulna complex

(FFUC)

FGR. see Fetal growth restriction (FGR)

Fibroblast growth factor receptor

(FGFR)

Fibroma

‘Fifth disease.’ see Parvovirus B

First-trimester detection of fetal

anomalies

abnormalities

advantages t

central nervous system anomalies

–

anencephaly/exencephaly

Dandy-Walker syndrome

encephalocoele

holoprosencephaly

spina bifida

considerations of embryological

development

diagnosis

disadvantages t

facial abnormalities  f

fetal anomaly scan

gastrointestinal tract abnormalities

–

abdominal and umbilical-cord cysts

–

body stalk anomaly  f

duodenal atresia

exomphalos

gastroschisis

omphalocoele f

hands and feet abnormalities

neck abnormalities

normal appearances (sonoembryology)

–

abdomen  f

central nervous system 

extremities 

face  f

gestational sac yolk sac and fetal

pole 

heart  f

urinary tract

nuchal translucency screening

screening  t–t

skeletal abnormalities

thoracic abnormalities

diaphragmatic hernia

pleural effusion

urinary tract abnormalities

cystic renal disease

hydronephrosis

low urinary tract obstruction

f

minor renal anomalies

renal agenesis

viability multiple pregnancy and

gestational age assessment

Flecainide anti-arrhythmic drug t

FMF. see Frontomaxillary facial (FMF)

angle

FNAIT. see Fetal and neonatal alloimmune

thrombocytopaenia (FNAIT)

Fetal akinesia  f

Fetal Akinesia Deformation Sequence

(FADS)

Fetal anaemia

causes of

donor blood for f

invasive methods for assessing

non-invasive methods for assessing

–

Parvovirus B and

treatment of

Fetal and neonatal alloimmune

thrombocytopaenia (FNAIT)

 f

Fetal aneuploidies

additional first-trimester sonographic

markers in  t

performance of screening

approach to patient management based

on findings

first trimester detection of  t

screening for

by maternal age

by maternal serum biochemistry

–

by ultrasound at - weeks

–

by ultrasound in second trimester

–

second trimester detection of

Fetal arrhythmias

bradycardias 

tachycardias

supraventricular  f

ventricular  

Fetal autopsy

Fetal biometry

Fetal blood sampling (FBS)

Fetal blood transfusion f

Fetal body volume (FBV)

Fetal bowel calcification  f

Fetal bradycardia  f

Fetal cardiomyopathy

genetic causes of

Fetal cerebral lateral ventricle f

Fetal death changes secondary to

Fetal defects

associated with aneuploidies

Fetal echocardiography

Fetal fingers  f

Fetal genotype prenatal testing of

–

Fetal goitre  f f

Fetal growth

antenatal monitoring

fetal growth restriction

delivery of timing of

differential diagnosis of t

screening for  f

surveillance of  f

macrosomia/large gestational age

babies

Index

Fetal growth restriction (FGR)

–

delivery of timing of

differential diagnosis of t

early onset

late onset  f

neurodevelopment in

screening for  f

surveillance of  f

Fetal haemoglobin concentration

reference ranges for t

Fetal head examination of f

Fetal hydronephrosis

Fetal hydrops   f

causes of t–t f

cardiac

non-cardiac

in CCAM f

investigation of

invasive testing

maternal blood

ultrasound abnormalities

management

metabolic syndromes associated with

 t

pathophysiology of

ultrasound features of  f

Fetal infections

causing fetal hydrops

prenatal diagnosis of

Fetal intracranial haemorrhage f

Fetal ischaemia

Fetal kidneys  f

Fetal leukaemia  f

Fetal macrosomia

causes of

clinical importance-perinatal

consequences

definition of

diagnosis of

long-term consequences of

management of

Fetal megacystis  f

Fetal MRI. see Magnetic resonance

imaging (MRI)

Fetal neoplasms benignity of

Fetal neural structures sequential

appearance of during

first-trimester f

Fetal neurosonography

Fetal nuchal translucency thickness

first-trimester screening followed by

second-trimester biochemical

testing for

measurement of  f

performance of screening for trisomy

screening for aneuploidies and

screening in twin pregnancies

Fetal oral lymphangioma f

Fetal pathology

Fetal pole

Fetal profile f

Fetal spine 

delayed ossification of  f

kyphosis of

three-dimensional imaging

f

Fetal subarachnoid space

Fetal tachycardia  f

polyhydramnios and f

Fetal thrombocytopaenia

causes of t

fetal intracranial haemorrhage and

–

Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy (FTV)

 f

Fetal thyroid dysfunction

Fetal thyrotoxicosis

Fetal tissue samples prenatal diagnosis

from

Fetal tumours

classification of  t

complications generic management of

–

versus fetal malignancy

general features of

f

obstetric management of

organ specific signs of  f

prognosis/outcome of

sonographic diagnosis of

–

sonographic features of

specific features of

specific signs of

Fetal varicella syndrome

Foetus

euploid defects/markers of t

evaluation of with abnormal skeletal

findings

examination of

abdomen

amniotic fluid volume

face 

fetal movements

genitalia  f

heart 

limbs  f

placenta  f

skull brain and spine

thorax

urinary tract

uterus cervix adnexae

with skeletal dysplasia polyhydramnios

and

tumours of polyhydramnios and

 f

ultrasound of with a short femur

–

Foramen ovale  f

Foregut

Forehead anomalies of

flat profile

frontal bossing  b f

Fornices  f

Fragile X syndrome

Fraser syndrome t t

Frontal bossing  b f

Frontal lobe atrophy with cerebellar

hypoplasia f

Frontomaxillary facial (FMF) angle

Frontonasal dysplasia  f

Fryns syndrome t

FTV. see Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy

(FTV)

G

Gadolinium-based contrast material

Gall bladder

anomalies of

choledochal cyst  t f

duplication of  f

non-visualization of

Gastrointestinal obstruction (GIO)

Gastrointestinal tract

defects in polyhydramnios and

Gastrointestinal tract abnormalities

first-trimester detection

–

abdominal and umbilical-cord cysts

–

body-stalk anomaly

duodenal atresia

exomphalos

gastroschisis

omphalocoele f

Gastrointestinal tract anomalies

fetal MRI of

Gastroschisis  f 

first-trimester detection  f

Genetic analysis autopsy samples for

–

Genetic disorder types of

Genetic heterogeneity

Genetics fetal anomalies

associations

chromosomal anomalies

aneuploidies

contiguous gene syndromes/

microdeletions

deletions/duplications

nomenclature  f

translocations

comparative genomic hybridization

 f

databases

deformation  t

diagnosis

confirmation of

 Index

discussing available information and

diagnostic dilemmas with

parents

disruption  t

embryological timing of anomalies

t

environmental factors  t

examination of foetus/baby

family history

further investigations

identification of high risk families

isolated single anomalies  t

malformation  t

malformation sequence

malformation syndrome

maternal disease

mosaicism  f

multifactorial inheritance

multiple malformation syndromes

multiple malformations

nature of anomalies

pattern of anomalies

pedigree  f t

pregnancy and personal medical

histories

prognosis

recurrence risks

single congenital malformation

single gene disorders t

b

autosomal dominant inheritance

t  f

autosomal recessive inheritance

t  f

single-gene malformation syndromes

X-linked recessive inheritance t

 f

sources of information

teratogens

ultrasound examination in subsequent

pregnancies

underlying cause of anomalies

 f

unusual patterns of inheritance

–

anticipation

genetic heterogeneity

genomic imprinting

mosaicism

uniparental disomy

variability of anomalies

Genital ridges formation of f

Genitalia fetal examination of  f

Genito-urinary pathologies fetal MRI of

–

Genomic imprinting

Germinal matrix

Gestation

risk for trisomy  relation to t

risk for trisomy  relation to t

risk for trisomy  relation to t

Gestational age

assessment

at which primary fissures and sulci are

visible at US and MRI

examinations t

Gestational sac

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia

(GTN)

Giant omphalocoele

Glass-body mode lung sequestration

f

Goitre  t

Goldenhar syndrome t

f

Gorlin syndrome t

Great arteries

abnormalities of

function of  f

malformations differential diagnosis of

t

obtaining views of

parallel appearance of  f

position of  f

simple transposition of

t

size of  f

structure of  f f

GTN. see Gestational trophoblastic

neoplasia (GTN)

H

Haemangioendothelioma  f

Haemangioma  f

of fetal neck t  f

of umbilical cord  f

Haematological disorders

Haematoma of umbilical cord

Haemolytic anaemia

Haemolytic disease of the foetus and

newborn (HDFN)

Haemolytic disease of the newborn

(HDN) incidence of with

atypical maternal red blood cell

antibodies t

Haemorrhage

adrenal  f

fetal  f

Haemorrhagic infarction f

Hamartomas chest wall

Hands abnormalities of  f

 t

Hanhart’s syndrome f

Harlequin ichthyosis   f

HDFN. see Haemolytic disease of the

foetus and newborn (HDFN)

Head defects in polyhydramnios and

Head circumference (HC)

Head shape and size

brachycephaly

cloverleaf  f

dolicocephaly

encephalocoele

‘lemon shaped’ head

macrocephaly

microcephaly

strawberry-shaped head

see also Central nervous system

abnormalities; Cranial

abnormalities

Heart

abnormal

crux of

four-chamber view of

anomalies fetal MRI of  f

defects polyhydramnios and

examination methodology of

four chambers of f

function of  f

normal appearance  f

normal position of  f

normal size of  f

normal structure of

Helsinki Ultrasound trial

Hemifacial microsomia  f

Hemimegalencephaly  f t

f

Hemivertebra 

syndromes associated with t

Hepatic artery flow in fetal aneuploidies

screening  f

Hepatic cyst t

Hepatic hyperechogenicities

Hepatic lymphangioma

Hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma

Hepatoblastoma

Hepatocellular adenoma

Hepatomegaly  f

Hernia

congenital diaphragmatic

diaphragmatic  f

Herpes simplex virus infection

Herpesvirus varicellae

Heterokaryotypia

Heterotopias

Heterozygous achondroplasia

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) 

 

 f

alobar  f

Holt-Oram syndrome t

Horseshoe kidney  f

Horseshoe shaped monoventricle f

Human immunodeficiency virus

maternal

Human Tissue Authority (HTA)

Humerus skeletal abnormalities f

Hurlers syndrome frontal bossing b

Hydatidiform molar pregnancies

–

Hydrocephalus

asymmetrical f

Index

Hydrolethalus syndrome

Hydrometrocolpos

Hydronephrosis  f  f

first-trimester detection  f

Hydrops

fetal  f

with pleural effusion f

Hydrops fetalis anaemia and

Hydrothorax

Hydroureter  f

Hyperechogenic bowel

teratogenic effects t

Hyperechoic serosa thinning/disruption

of 

Hypertelorism  b f

Hyperthermia teratogenic effects t

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy t

Hypophosphatasia t

Hypoplasia nasal

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Hypoplastic lungs f

Hypotelorism  f  f

Hypothyroidism fetal

I

Idiopathic polyhydramnios

Idiopathic thrombocytopaenia (ITP)

 f

Ileum atresia of

In utero magnetic resonance imaging

(IUMRI)

Infantile polycystic kidney disease

first-trimester detection

Infection viral in prenatal diagnosis

Inferior vena cava f

Iniencephaly 

International Society of Obstetrics and

Gynaecology list of structures in

first trimester routine screening

examination  t

International Society of Ultrasound in

Obstetrics and Gynecology

(ISUOG)

guidelines for ventriculomegaly

–

recommended minimum requirements

for mid-trimester fetal

anatomical survey by t

Interrupted aortic arch

Intervillous thrombosis

Intestinal obstruction

Intra-abdominal cysts  f

Intra-amniotic bleeding polyhydramnios

and  f

Intracardiac echogenic foci  f

Intracardiac transfusion

Intracerebral haemorrhage secondary to

cytomegalovirus f

Intracranial haematoma  f

Intracranial haemorrhage  f

Intracranial teratoma   f

Intracranial translucency (IT) for spina

bifida detection  f

Intracranial tumours  t

Intramembranous pathway in amniotic

fluid production

Intrapericardial teratoma f

Intraperitoneal transfusion (IPT)

Intraplacental choriocarcinoma

Intrathoracic herniation f

Intrathoracic teratoma

Intrauterine blood transfusion (IUT)

–

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

   f

Intrauterine therapy with beta-/

dexamethasone

Intravascular transfusion (IVT)

Intravenous immunoglobulin

IPT. see Intraperitoneal transfusion (IPT)

Isolated mild fetal ventriculomegaly

–

Isolated septal agenesis

Isolated single anomaly  t

Isomerism cardiac abnormalities

–

ITP. see Idiopathic thrombocytopaenia

(ITP)

IUMRI. see In utero magnetic resonance

imaging (IUMRI)

IUT. see Intrauterine blood transfusion

(IUT)

Ivemark syndrome

IVT. see Intravascular transfusion (IVT)

J

Jarcho-Levin syndrome  f

Jejunum atresia of

Jelly-like placenta  f

Jervell-Langer-Nielson syndrome

Jeune’s asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy

t–t  f

Joint dislocations fetal

K

Karyotyping fetal

Kasabach-Merritt sequence

Kidneys 

fetal  f

Klippel-Feil syndrome t

L

Laboratory based analysis of tissue and

fluid samples

Lactate fetal growth restriction and

Lambda sign  f  f

Langer-Giedion syndrome t

Large bowel obstruction  f

Large gestational age (LGA) babies

–

definition of

Laryngeal atresia f

Late stillbirth

Leg skeletal abnormalities f

‘Lemon shaped’ head  f

Lemon sign

Leukaemia fetal  f

Limb abnormalities  f t

Limb-body wall complex  f

Limb reduction defects (LRDs)

–

Limbs examination of  f

Lipomyelocoele

Lipomyelomeningocoele

Lips and mouth abnormalities of

–

facial clefting  f

tongue

ultrasound of f

Lips and nostrils f

Lissencephaly  b

Liver

abnormalities of

calcifications of f

cyst of f

enlargement causes of

Long QT syndrome

autosomal recessive

Lower limb

Lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO)

LRDs. see Limb reduction defects (LRDs)

Lung malformations fetal hydrops

–

Lung-to-head ratio (LHR)

Lungs

anomalies fetal MRI of

bronchial/tracheal atresia  f

bronchogenic cyst  f

bronchopulmonary sequestration

–

congenital cystic adenomatoid

malformation of

congenital high airway obstruction

syndrome  f

echogenic f

mucous plug  f

normal and abnormal appearance of

pulmonary hypoplasia  f

t

Lymphangiomas

abdominal f

features of  f

of fetal chest f

of fetal mouth  f

of neck   f

Lymphatic disorders fetal  f

Lymphoedema

 Index

M

M-mode for fetal rhythm evaluation

 f

Maceration  f

macroscopic and microscopic findings

t

Macrocephaly 

syndromes associated with t

Macroglossia  f  f

Macrosomia fetal

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

–

aspects and techniques

of fetal brain

main applications of

MR autopsy

safety in pregnant patient

Magnetic resonance (MR) of placenta

accreta

Majewski syndrome

Major defects in fetal aneuploidies

management of

Malformation sequence

Malformation syndrome

Malformations

associated with environmental factors

in fetal anomalies

single congenital

vs. deformations and disruptions t

Malignant rhabdoid tumour

Mandible

abnormalities of

DiGeorge syndrome  f

hydrolethalus syndrome

micrognathia  t f

Pena-Shokeir syndrome

Pierre Robin syndrome

Seckel syndrome  f

ultrasound of f

Mandibular facial dysostosis  f

Map-kinase pathway disorders of

Maternal age

risk for trisomy  relation to t

risk for trisomy  relation to t

risk for trisomy  relation to t

screening by for fetal aneuploidies

twin pregnancies screening and

Maternal serum biochemistry screening

by for fetal aneuploidies

MCA. see Middle cerebral artery (MCA)

MCDK. see Multicystic dysplastic kidney

(MCDK)

McKusick-Kaufman syndrome

f

Meckel-Gruber syndrome  f

t  t

hypotelorism

Meconium  f

Meconium ileus

Meconium peritonitis  f

 f

Meconium pseudocyst  f

Median cleft syndrome  f

Mediastinal tumours

Mega cisterna magna f

Megacystis  f

due to urethral atresia f

Megacystis-megaureter syndrome

Megacystis microcolon intestinal

hypoperistalsis syndrome

(MMIHS)  f

 f

Megalourethra  f

Membranes pre-term premature rupture

of

Meningocoele  f

anterior sacral  f

closed spina bifida with

Meningomyelocoele sacral f

Meromelia t

Mesenteric cyst t f

Mesonephros  f

‘Mickey mouse ears’ appearance of

pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ)

obstruction  f

‘Mickey Mouse’ sign  f

Microcephaly    f

f

Microglossia

Micrognathia  f  t

f

diagnosis of  f

Microphthalmia  f

Micturating cystourethrogram (MCUG)

Mid-trimester fetal anatomical survey

minimum requirements for t

Middle cerebral artery (MCA)

Doppler ultrasound evaluation of

f

peak systolic velocity of t f

Middle cerebral artery Doppler  f

Midline posterior fossa abnormalities of

–

Midline structures abnormalities of

–

Mild ventriculomegaly  f

Miller-Dieker lissencephaly t

Miller syndrome

cleft lip/palate t

Minor defects in fetal aneuploidies

management of

‘Mirror-hydrops’

Miscarriage f

Mitral atresia 

MMIHS. see Megacystis microcolon

intestinal hypoperistalsis

syndrome (MMIHS)

Moderate ventriculomegaly  f

Moderator band  f

Mohr syndrome

cleft lip/palate t

Molar placenta  f

Molecular autopsy

Monoamniotic twinning

Monochorionic twin pregnancies fetal

nuchal translucency thickness

and

Monochorionic twins  f 

placenta of  f f

Monozygotic twins

Mosaicism

Mouth

defects in polyhydramnios and

fetal lymphangioma of  f

Movement posture and abnormalities of

–

focal

generalized

MRI spectroscopy (MRS)

Mucous plug  f

Mullerian duct

Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK)

first-trimester detection

postnatal management of

in pregnancy/delivery

sonographic diagnosis of

Multifactorial inheritance

Multifocal cerebral necrosis due to

cytomegalovirus f

Multiple cysts in CCAM f

Multiple irregular lacunae in the

placental substance

Multiple malformation syndromes

–

Multiple of the median (MOM) of

unaffected pregnancies

Multiple pregnancy

Multiple segmentation defects f

MURCS association t

Musculoskeletal anomalies fetal MRI of

–

Myelocystocoele  f

Myelomeningocoele f

Myotonic dystrophy

N

Nager acrofacial dysostosis syndrome

Nasal bone first-trimester ultrasound

features of trisomies  

 t f

Nasal hypoplasia  f

National Institute for Health and Care

Excellence (NICE)

National Screening Committee Fetal

Anomaly Screening Programme

UK  t

Neck abnormalities

cystic hygroma   t

 f

Index

goitre  f

occipital encephalocoele

tumours

ultrasound

Neoplasia fetal anomalies and

Nephroblastoma

Neural arch density similar to iliac wings

t

Neural plate

Neural tube

formation f

malformations recurrence risk of t

Neural tube defects (NTDs) 

f f

Neuroblastoma

cystic f

intra-abdominal

solid f

Neuromuscular disorders fetal

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses f

Non-refluxing non-obstructed primary

megaureter

Non-Rhesus D isoimmunization

clinical management of f

Noonan’s syndrome  f

Normal growth fetal

Normal variants in routine fetal anomaly

scan

Nose and orbits anomalies of

anophthalmia

cebocephaly  f

congenital cataracts  f

cyclopia f

dacrocystocoele  f

ethmocephaly  f

frontal encephalocoele  f

frontonasal dysplasia  f

holoprosencephaly

hypotelorism  f

median clefting  f

microphthalmia  f

Nuchal fold (NF)

Nuchal oedema  f

Nuchal translucency screening for fetal

abnormalities  t

O

Ocular abnormalities

Oedema fetal f

OEIS complex

Oesophageal atresia  

f t

polyhydramnios and  f

Oesophagus defects in polyhydramnios

and

Offsetting of atrio-ventricular valves

–

Oligohydramnios  f

aetiology in the nd and rd trimesters

t

fetal anomaly 

fetal sequelae of

intrauterine growth restrictions

pre-term premature rupture of

membranes

prognosis of

Omphalocoele

first-trimester detection f

see also Exomphalos

One-stop clinics for assessment of risk

(OSCAR)

Open lip schizencephaly

Orbital measurements graphs of f

Orbits f

Oro-facial-digital syndrome t

OSCAR. see One-stop clinics for

assessment of risk (OSCAR)

Ossification in spine f

Ossification centres

axial view of 

coronal view of  f

sagittal view of  f

Osteogenesis imperfecta  f

–

diagnostic tests in utero

features of t

incidence of

prognosis of

recurrence risk and screening strategy

of

type   t

type   t f

type   t

type   t

ultrasound findings of

Otocephaly

Outflow tract view f

Ovarian cyst t f f

P

Pachygyria f

Palate f

embryology of  f

Pallister-Hall syndrome t

Pallister-Killian syndrome t

PAPP-A. see Pregnancy associated plasma

protein A (PAPP-A)

Paramesonephric duct

Parieto occipital fissure f

Partial hydatidiform mole

Parvovirus 

management and counselling

prenatal diagnosis of

teratogenicity of

ultrasound findings on

f

Parvovirus B

investigation for f

management of f

Patau syndrome. see Trisomy

Peak systolic velocity (PSV)

assessment of in fetal aneuploidies

screening

of the middle cerebral artery

multiples of the median of f

reference values of t

Pedigree interpretation of in fetal

anomalies  f

Pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction

–

Pelvic kidneys f

Pena-Shokeir syndrome

Pentalogy of Cantrell

Pericardial effusion  f

in foetus f

Pericardial teratoma f

Perinatal autopsy

consent

external dysmorphic findings

associations and practical issues

t

practical considerations

procedure

role of

specific issues associated with

–

Perinatal mortality

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)

f

Perivillous fibrin deposition

Perlman syndrome

Pfeiffer syndrome t

frontal bossing b

PFFD. see Proximal focal femoral

deficiency (PFFD)

PH. see Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH)

Phenylketonuria teratogenic effects t

Phenytoin teratogenic effects of t

Phocomelia

Pierre Robin syndrome

Pitfalls in amniotic fluid measurement

 f

PIV. see Pulsatility index for veins (PIV)

Placenta

additional primary abnormalities of

–

and cervix relation between f

disorders of

architectural features of

attachment  f

associations/risk factors of

imaging findings of

development/structure of

f

placental position

examination of

indications for t

in twin pregnancies  f

grading of

Placenta accreta  f

management for

 Index

Placenta increta

Placenta percreta

Placenta praevia 

associations/risk factors of

ultrasound signs of

Placental hypo-echoic lesion common

Placental malignancy

Placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD)

f  f

Placental metastasis from maternal

disease

Placental pathology

polyhydramnios and 

specific clinicopathological issues in

–

Placentitis in a foetus with CMV

infection f

Platelet disorders

Platyspondyly  f

Pleural effusions  f f

definition and spectrum of disease

differential diagnosis and pitfalls of

 f

first-trimester detection  f

isolated

prognosis management and outcome

of

ultrasound findings of

Pleuropulmonary blastoma

PMD. see Placental mesenchymal

dysplasia (PMD)

Poland syndrome t t

Polydactyly   t

fetal disorders with t

of the foot f

of the hand f

in Meckel-Gruber syndrome  f

Polyhydramnios    f

 f 

aetiologies of

chest

fetal tone

fetal tumours

foetus with skeletal dysplasia

head

heart

intra-amniotic bleeding

maternal causes

oesophagus/upper gastrointestinal

tract

placental pathology

throat/mouth

twinning

idiopathic

placental chorioangioma and

Pompe disease f

Pool in amniotic fluid index  f

Porencephalic cyst f

Porencephaly  f

Post axial polydactyly t

Posterior fossa f

abnormalities

cerebellum

cyst

Posterior urethral valves (PUV)

postnatal management of

in pregnancy/delivery

sonographic diagnosis of

Postmortem magnetic resonance imaging

(PM-MRI)  f

Postmortem needle biopsy

Posture and movement abnormalities of

–

focal

generalized

PPROM. see Preterm premature rupture of

membranes (PPROM)

Prader-Willi syndrome t

Preaxial polydactyly t

Prefrontal space (PFS) ratio

Pregnancies

pseudodiamniotic

see also Twin pregnancies

Pregnancy associated plasma protein A

(PAPP-A)

fetal aneuploidies and

fetal growth restriction and

Prenasal thickness  f

Prenatal diagnosis

of fetal infections

viral infections

Prenatal non-visualization of the fetal gall

bladder (PNVGB)

Prepontine subarachnoid cyst f

Preterm premature rupture of membranes

(PPROM)

pulmonary hypoplasia and

Primary obstructive megaureter

Primary refluxing megaureter

Primitive gut

Primum septum f

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

in fetal growth restriction

Proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD)

 t  f

Prune belly syndrome f

Pseudocyst t f

meconium

Pseudodiamniotic pregnancies

PSV. see Peak systolic velocity (PSV)

Pulmonary abnormalities

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

–

intrathoracic teratoma

lungs

bronchial/tracheal atresia

f

bronchogenic cyst  f

bronchopulmonary sequestration

–

congenital cystic adenomatoid

malformation

congenital high airway obstruction

syndrome  f

echogenic f

mucous plug  f

pulmonary hypoplasia

f t

normal and abnormal appearance f

pleural effusion

syndromes with t

Pulmonary arteries f f

Pulmonary atresia 

f t

Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH)

f

aetiological groups at high risk for t

unilateral

Pulmonary stenosis t

isolated  f t

Pulsatility index for veins (PIV) in fetal

aneuploidies screening

Pulsed wave Doppler in monoamniotic

twinning  f

PUV. see Posterior urethral valves (PUV)

PVL. see Periventricular leukomalacia

(PVL)

Pyelectasia

Q

Quintero staging system in TTTS

–

R

Rachischisis

Radial aplasia t f

Radial ray anomalies

Radius skeletal abnormalities f

RADIUS study

Reciprocal translocation  f

Rectum formation of f

Recurrence risks of fetal anomalies

–

Red cell disorders

Renal agenesis

bilateral in oligohydramnios  f

first-trimester detection

postnatal management of

in pregnancy/delivery

sonographic diagnosis of

Renal cystic dysplasia in Meckel-Gruber

syndrome f

Renal cysts  f

Renal echogenicity abnormalities of

 f

Renal pelvis dilatation  f

t

pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ)

obstruction

Index

postnatal management of  f

in pregnancy/delivery

sonographic diagnosis of  f

transient hydronephrosis

Renal system anomalies

Renal tumours

Respiratory tract anomalies

f

Retroperitoneal tumours

Retroplacental sonolucent zone loss/

irregularity of 

Reverberation artefact amniotic fluid

measurement and  f

Rhabdomyomas   f

Rhesus D (RhD) alloimmunization

pathogenesis of f

Rhombencephalon f  f

Rib length normal f

Right lung agenesis  f

Roberts syndrome  f

cleft lip/palate t

Robertsonian translocation

f

Robin anomalad

Robinson syndrome frontal bossing b

Routine fetal anomaly scan

audit

perinatal mortality

sensitivity and specificity

second trimester  t

soft markers

topographic detection

abdomen

face

heart

limbs and skeleton

skull brain and spine

thorax

urinary tract

women’s views

Rubella

clinical syndromic manifestations of

management and counselling

prenatal diagnosis of

teratogenic effects of t

teratogenicity of

ultrasound findings on

Rubenstein-Taybi syndrome t

Russell Silver syndrome frontal bossing

b

S

Sacral agenesis

ultrasound diagnosis of

Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) f

   f

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome t

Sagittal venous sinus thrombosis f

Saldino-Noonan syndrome

Samples for autopsy  f

Scaphocephaly  f

Schizencephaly

occipital closed lip f

Scimitar syndrome t  f

Scoliosis

SCT. see Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT)

Seckel syndrome  f

Second trimester detection fetal anomaly

scan

detection rate for specific major

structural malformations

optimal time for  t

purpose of  t

structures to be examined and

minimum standard views

during  t

Secondary megaureter

Septal agenesis

Septal cysts of placenta

Septal defect ventricular

Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD)

Septum cavum pellucidum f

Sex determination fetal  f

Short femur   t

isolated with no other abnormalities

 t

plus non-skeletal abnormalities

t

plus other skeletal abnormalities

t

ultrasound of foetus with

Short humerus

Short rib dysplasias  t

Short rib polydactyly syndromes (SRPS)

 f t–t t

Shprintzen syndrome 

Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome

Single congenital malformation

Single deepest pocket technique (SDP)

Single gene disorders  b

autosomal dominant inheritance t

 f

autosomal recessive inheritance

f

fetal hydrops and

pedigree patterns for t

X-linked recessive inheritance

 f

Single-gene malformation syndromes

Single shot turbo spin echo (SSTSE)

protocol of

Sirenomelia  f

versus caudal regression syndrome

t

ultrasound diagnosis of

Skeletal abnormalities

embryology of  t

first-trimester detection

normal ultrasound appearances and

pitfalls of

Skeletal dysplasias  f 

–

fetal hydrops  f

foetus with polyhydramnios and

lethal

micrognathia

ribs in f

Skin oedema f

foetus with f

Skull sutures of f

Skull anomalies

cloverleaf skull f

strawberry-shaped skull  f

‘Slapped cheek syndrome.’ see Parvovirus

B

Small bowel

atresia

obstruction

Small ears with trisomy

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome t

Smith-Magenis syndrome t

SOD. see Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD)

Sodium valproate teratogenic effects of

t

Soft markers

in fetal aneuploidies

in trisomy  t

Soft tissue lymphangioma f

Soft tissue tumours of the extremities

–

Sonoembryology

Sonography. see Ultrasound

Sotalol anti-arrhythmic drug t

Soto syndrome t

Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC)

technique of

Spectroscopy

Spina bifida

associated anomalies of

banana sign f

cystica

diagnosis of and other dysraphisms in

foetus

embryology

normal head and spine

differential diagnosis of

fetal cranial biometry

first-trimester detection

lemon sign  f

obstetric management of

occulta

prognosis of

ambulation

intelligence

mortality

sphincter control

risk of chromosomal anomalies in

 Index

ultrasound features of

axial plane  f

coronal plane  f

sagittal plane  f

variants

see also Neural tube defects (NTDs)

Spinal anomalies

caudal regression syndrome

closed spinal dysraphisms f

–

diastematomyelia

hemivertebrae  f

iniencephaly 

open spinal dysraphisms  f

f

sacral agenesis

scoliosis

sirenomelia

spina bifida

aetiology and pathogenesis of

closed with meningocoele

definition of

first-trimester detection

indirect signs

ultrasound diagnosis of

split notochord syndrome

f

Spinal cord normal f

Spinal cord malformations

Spinal dysraphisms

closed f  f

open  f f

Spinal signs direct

Spine

development of  f

examination of 

Spleen abnormalities of

Splenomegaly  f  f

‘Split brain’

Split notochord syndrome (SNS)

 f

Spondylothoracic dysostosis  f

SRPS. see Short rib polydactyly syndromes

(SRPS)

Steady-state free precession (SSFP) MR in

foetus with normal cardiac

anatomy f

‘Steer horn’ sign  f

Sternum f

Stillbirth late

Stomach f

gastrointestinal abnormalities in

Strawberry-shaped head  f

Strawberry-shaped skull  f

Subarachnoid cyst f

Subchorionic fibrin deposition

Subcutaneous occipital haemangioma

Subependymal calcification f

Subependymal cysts

Subependymal heterotopias f

Sulcation

defects of

Superior vena cava f

Supratentorial midline vascular

abnormalities

Supraventricular tachycardia

Sylvian fissures 

Syndactyly t

T-weighted MR imaging (T WI)

T-weighted MR imaging (T WI)

  

normal cerebral cortex f

Tachycardias

fetal

supraventricular

ventricular  

Talipes 

first-trimester detection 

trisomy

Talipes equinovarus 

TAPS. see Twin anaemia polycythemia

sequence (TAPS)

TAR. see Thrombocytopaenia absent

radius (TAR)

Tarlov cyst

TD. see Thanatophoric dysplasia (TD)

Teardrop-shaped ventricle

Teratogens

dose and interaction with other

environmental and genetic

factors

mechanisms of in causation of

malformations

timing of exposure

Teratomas 

cervical

facial fof neck

tetralogy of Fallot

Tetrophthalmos

Thanatophoric dysplasia (TD)

diagnostic tests in utero

frontal bossing b

incidence of

prognosis of

recurrence risk and screening strategy

ultrasound findings of

The Human Tissue Act

Theca lutein cyst

Thoracic abnormalities first-trimester

detection

diaphragmatic hernia

pleural effusion

Thoracic anomalies fetal MRI of

Thoracic hypoplasia

Thoraco-omafalopagus conjoined twin

Thoracopagus

Thorax tumours of

Three vessel view

four vessels in 

Throat defects in polyhydramnios and

Thrombocytopaenia fetal

–

causes of

Thrombocytopaenia absent radius (TAR)

Thymomas

Thyrotoxicosis fetal

Tongue

abnormalities of

ultrasound of

Toxoplasmosis 

management and counselling of

prenatal diagnosis of

teratogenic effects

teratogenicity of

transmission rate of

ultrasound findings on

Transcerebellar diameter (TCD)

Transcerebellar plane f

Transfusion of blood products

Transient abdominal cyst

Transient hydronephrosis

Transmembranous pathway in amniotic

fluid production

Transplacental haemorrhage

Transposition of great arteries

Transvaginal scanning

of -week pregnancy

of -week pregnancy

type of abnormalities detected using t

Transventricular plane

Transverse abdominal diameter (TAD)

Transverse arch

TRAP. see Twin reversed arterial perfusion

sequence (TRAP)

Treacher Collins syndrome 

Trial of Umbilical and Fetal Flow in

Europe (TRUFFLE) fetal growth

restriction and

Tricuspid atresia 

Tricuspid flow in fetal aneuploidies

screening 

Tricuspid regurgitation 

Tricuspid valve dysplasia 

Triploidy  

Index

Trisomy

estimated risk for

first-trimester biochemical features of

first-trimester ultrasound features of

phenotypic expression of

Trisomy

choroid plexus cysts and

estimated risk for t

first-trimester biochemical features of

first-trimester ultrasound features of

micrognathia

phenotypic expression of

polyhydramnios and  f

strawberry-shaped skull with  f

Trisomy 

with absent nasal bone f

algorithm for

defects/markers in t

estimated risk for t

first-trimester biochemical features of

first-trimester ultrasound features of

likelihood ratio for t

methods of screening for

phenotypic expression of

pleural effusion and

prefrontal space (PFS) ratio and screening for small ears

Trophoblast

True isolated ventriculomegaly

True parenchymal hyperechogenicities

aetiology of 

TRUFFLE. see Trial of Umbilical and Fetal Flow in Europe (TRUFFLE)

T sign 

TTTS. see Twin-to-twin transfusion

syndrome (TTTS)

Tuberous sclerosis  

Tumours

abdominal

cardiac

facial

harlequin ichthyosis 

teratoma

fetal and placental

fetal MRI of

intracranial 

neck

renal

thorax

umbilical cord

Turner syndrome

phenotypic expression of

Twin anaemia polycythemia sequence

(TAPS) spontaneous

Twin gestation

assessment of

monochorionic complications to

Twin pregnancies

aneuploidy in screening test for

cervical length measurement

demise of one twin

dichorionic pair

monochorionic pair

detection of structural anomalies in

fetal abnormalities

monochorionic twins 

twin reversed arterial perfusion

sequence (TRAP)

first trimester assessment of

–

chorionicity determination

dating

labelling of twins

follow-up scheme of

management of

placental examination in

poor growth in one of the twins

in a dichorionic pair

in a monochorionic pair

twins of unknown chorionicity

preterm birth

screening in

chorionicity

structural anomaly in one of the twins

dichorionic pregnancies

monochorionic pregnancies

vanishing twin

Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence

(TRAP) 

development

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome

(TTTS) 

pathophysiology of

prognosis of

severity of

Twinning

amniotic fluid volume

conjoined

monoamniotic 

polyhydramnios and

Twins labelling of 

U

Ulna skeletal abnormalities

Ultrasound

D/D visualization

bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS) 

congenital cystic adenomatoid

malformation (CCAM)

congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) 

echogenic bowel

evaluation of amniotic fluid volume

amniotic fluid index

quantification of amniotic fluid

single deepest pocket technique

subjective assessment

in twinning

facial cleft 

fetal aneuploidies

at - weeks

in second trimester

fetal macrosomia

gastroschisis

macroglossia

 micrognathia

 nasal hypoplasia neck

placental attachment disorders

pleural effusion

routine fetal anomaly scan

 skeletal abnormalities of talipes

Umbilical arteries fetal Doppler for

Umbilical cord cysts 

haematoma

tumours 

Unilateral bronchial atresia

Unilateral pulmonary agenesis f

Unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia

Unilocular cyst

Uniparental disomy (UPD)

Upper limb

abnormalities of

Ureter

dilatation of 

ectopic

Ureterocoeles 

Urethral atresia

anhydramnios and megacystis due to Urinary tract abnormalities 

–

autosomal dominant polycystic kidneydisease

autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease 

bladder exstrophy 

bladder obstruction

first trimester 

second and third trimester

cloacal dysgenesis sequence

cloacal exstrophy 

cystic renal disease first-trimester

detection

distended bladder

echogenic kidneys

embryology

of fetal bladder 

‘absent’ bladder

megacystis

fetal genital system

ambiguous genitalia 

hydrometrocolpos and urogenital

sinus 

hydronephrosis

low urinary obstruction 

megacystis microcolon intestinal

hypoperistalsis syndrome

(MMIHS) 

megacystis-megaureter syndrome

megalourethra

minor renal anomalies

multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

non-obstructed distended bladder

non-refluxing non-obstructed primary

megaureter

normal appearances

normal sonographic appearances of

pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ)

obstruction

pelvic kidney

persistent cloaca 

position and number of fetal kidneys

crossed ectopic kidney

duplex kidney 

ectopic kidney 

horseshoe kidney 

renal agenesis

posterior urethral valves

primary obstructive megaureter

prune belly syndrome

renal agenesis first-trimester detection

renal collecting system

hydroureter 

renal pelvis dilatation

renal cysts 

renal parenchyma

cystic changes of

dysplastic kidneys 

secondary megaureter

transient hydronephrosis

ureterocoeles

urethral atresia

urinoma 

vesico-ureteric reflux

Urine production of

Urinoma 

Urogenital membrane

Urogenital sinus

USS placental examination correlation

Uterine arteries FGR screening 

V

VACTERL skeletal abnormalities

VACTERL association

VACTERL constellation 

Van der Woude syndrome

Vanishing twin 

Varicella

management and counselling of

perinatal infection with

prenatal diagnosis of

teratogenic effects

teratogenicity of

ultrasound findings on 

Vasa praevia 

Vascular tumours features of

VATER association

VATER syndrome

Vein of Galen malformations

Velamentous cord insertion

Velocardiofacial syndrome

Ventricles

disproportion of

double inlet 

Ventricular atrium (VA) 

Ventricular septal defect

subaortic 

Ventricular septum

Ventricular tachycardia

Ventriculomegaly 

associations of

causes of

congenital brain abnormality linked

first-trimester detection

Verma-Naumoff syndrome

Vermian agenesis

Vermis

Vesico-amniotic shunt

Vesico-ureteral junction (VUJ)

obstruction of

Vesico-ureteric reflux

Viability assessment of

Villitis

Villitis of unknown etiology (VUE)

 f

Viral infections

causing fetal disease

cytomegalovirus 

not associated with fetal disease

parvovirus

in prenatal diagnosis

rubella

toxoplasmosis

varicella

Vitamin A teratogenic effects of

VSD. see Ventricular septal defect

W

WAGR syndrome

Walker-Warburg syndrome

Warfarin embryopathy

Williams syndrome

Wilms’ tumour 

Wilms’ tumour-aniridia syndrome

Winter-Baraitser Dysmorphology Database

(WBDD)

Wolman disease f

X

X-linked dominant inheritance

X-linked recessive inheritance

X-rays teratogenic effects of

Yolk sac

Z

Zellweger syndrome