Cardiovascular diseases

 Cardiovascular diseases encompass many conditions including coronary artery disease, heart failure, moreover heart disease, stroke, congenital heart defects, benign rhythm disorders, sudden cardiac arrest

cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States however from 2004 two 2014 the mortality rate attributable to a cardio vascular disease fell by approximately 25% likely as a result of primary and secondary prevention despite this improvement cardiovascular disease was responsible for nearly 11% of all deaths in the United States in 2014 roughly 800,000 patients globally cardiovascular disease resulted in more than 17.3 million deaths in 2013 representing 31% of all deaths

more than one in three US adults currently have some form of CVD. Prevalence increases with age, and more than 70% of patients aged 60 to 79 years have CVD. The American Heart Association protects that 44% of the US population will have some form of CVD by 2030. Lifetime risk for CVD is estimated to be one and three for Pullman and 2,000,003 four men connected data from the Framingham heart study.

Hospitalizations for cardiovascular related diseases continue to increase. In 2011, heart failure and heart rhythm problems were among the top 10 diagnosis associated with hospital admission in the United States, accounting for approximately 1.7 million hospital stays. The number of inpatient cardiovascular operations and procedures increased 28% to little more than 7.5 million from 2000 to 2010. CVD, including stroke was associated with the cost of 316.6 billion in 2011.

An estimated 5.7 million US adults older than 20 years have a diagnosis of heart failure. A final common pathway for many cardiovascular conditions. The prevalence of heart failure is projected to increase by 46% between 2012 and 2030 and the current annual incidence is one in 1000 persons in those older than 65 years. Most patients with heart failure (75%) have a history of hypertension. The overall mortality rate after the diagnosis of heart failure is roughly 50% in five years with about half of those deaths due to cardiovascular causes.

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Lifestyle

cardiovascular risk can be mostly attributed to modifiable risk factors very few persons mean the seven metrics of cardiovascular health

optimal lipid, blood pressure, glucose levels

healthy diet appropriate energy intake physical activity and avoidance of tobacco.

Elevated cholesterol levels impart the highest risk for myocardial infarction (MI), followed by current smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, abdominal obesity, no alcohol intake, inadequate exercise, and suboptimal consumption of fruits and vegetables.

Evaluation a serum cholesterol levels are associated with increased cardiovascular risk, and reductions in cholesterol levels can reduce overall risk 13% of adult older than age 20 years or 31 million solutions have total cholesterol levels greater than 240 mg/dL (6.22 mmol/L), and 6% supporters are estimated to have undiagnosed hypercholesterolemia. Elevated LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol levels are also independently associated with increased risk for CVD. In 1% reduction in LDL cholesterol level decreases the risk for CAD by 1% risk for CAD decreases 2% to 3% for every 1% increase in HDL cholesterol level; however, pharmacologic therapies that increase HDL cholesterol levels in patients with acceptable LDL cholesterol levels not reduce. Current cholesterol treatment guidelines are based on cardiovascular risk rather than absolute lipid levels. Her primary prevention of cardiovascular events the treatment goal is at least a 50% reduction in LDL cholesterol levels in high-risk patients and a 30% to 50% reduction in moderate risk patients Cardiovascular events.

Tobacco exposure is a significant risk factor for CVD including CNE, stroke, and peripheral last pr36. In 2010 smoking was a second-leading risk factor for death in the United States, exceeding only by dietary risks.

The prevalence of tobacco use continues to decline; 18.8% of men and 15.1% of woman were current smokers in 2014. The percentage of adolescents and smoke tobacco daily has also decreased significantly, from 15.2% in 2003 27.8% in 2013. Patients will small, overall mortality is increased 2 to 3 times, and risk for stroke is increased 2 to 4 times. The use of tobacco increases the risk for CAD by 25% in women. Secondhand smoke increases the risk for CVD by 25 to 30%. Smoking cessation substantially reduces cardiovascular risk within two years, with the risk of returning to the level of the non-smoker approximately after 10 years. Smoking cessation could extend life expectancy by several years. Smoking status should be assessed at every visit and cessation counseling should be offered to active smokers

Psychological stressors including depression, anger, anxiety are associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes. Depression has been linked to higher risk cardiovascular events, and psychosocial stressors also affect the course of treatment and adherence to healthy lifestyles after an event.

Sedentary lifestyle, poor diet and obesity contribute to increased cardiovascular risk and increase risk for diabetes. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 23.7% of moderates report low leisure time physical activity and only 20.2% of adults meet aerobic and strengthening the recommendations. Average fruit and vegetable consumption in the United States is less than 1 cup of daily (recommended is 1.5 to 2 cups per day) and less than 1.5 cups of vegetables day (recommended is 2 to 3 cups daily). On the basis of interest 2010 US dietary guidelines, average that quality is worse than women, and younger adults than older workers, smokers and non-smokers. The national diabetes prevention program found that in persons at high risk for diabetes, interventions such as changing the diet, exercise and moderate weight loss of 5% to 7% rate use the risk for developing diabetes by 58% but did not reduce CVD events.

Genetics

although CVD risk is mainly attributable to traditional risk factors, additional risk may be caused by other factors, including genetic predisposition. A history of premature CAD (male younger than 55 years, female younger than 65 years) in parent’s doubles risk for MI in men and increases risk in women by 70% CVD in assembling increases the risk for CVD by 45% and stroke in a 1st° relative increases risk for stroke by 50%. A parental history of atrial fibrillation increases parts for this condition by 80%. In addition to genetic and shared environment that is lifestyle, may contribute to increased risk and family member

Ethnicity

There are significant racial and ethnic differences in the risk and prevalence for CVD in the United States. The prevalence of heart disease including MI, chest pain, heart failure and stroke is highest among Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (90.1%), followed by American Indians and Alaska natives (13.7%), non-Hispanic whites (11.1%), Blacks (10.3%), Hispanics and Latinos (7.8%), and Asians (6%).

Risk factor prevalence weight is back ethnicity, location, income, and education level. Prevalence of hypertension (blood pressure up more than 130/80 mmHg) is highest among non-Hispanic black men (59%) and non-Hispanic black woman (56%) and lowest among Hispanic men (44%) and non-Hispanic Asian woman (36%). In contrast the risk for diabetes is highest among American Indians and Alaska natives (15.9%). Followed by non-Hispanic Blacks (13.2%) and Hispanics (12.8%) PATRO use is highest among non-Hispanic Blacks (19.9% and lowest among Asian men (13.8%) and Hispanics (13.8%).

Globally the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in subsection CVD is increasing as a result of changes in eating habits, tobacco use and lifestyle factors.

Key point risk for cardiovascular disease mostly attributable to modifiable risk factors, including dyslipidemia smoking diabetes mellitus hypertension obesity inadequate exercise and diet.