Book burning . pretty ancient.
In the pre printing era the number of books were few so by burning them kings could censor and suppress teaching which were inimical to their Goals.
Although there are no specific incidents of book burning there is an incident of burning of a book by the author himself .
In the pre printing era the number of books were few so by burning them kings could censor and suppress teaching which were inimical to their Goals.
Although there are no specific incidents of book burning there is an incident of burning of a book by the author himself .
In addition, if any writing composed by Arius should be found, it should be handed over to the flames, so that not only will the wickedness of his teaching be obliterated, but nothing will be left even to remind anyone of him. And I hereby make a public order, that if someone should be discovered to have hidden a writing composed by Arius, and not to have immediately brought it forward and destroyed it by fire, his penalty shall be death. As soon as he is discovered in this offence, he shall be submitted for capital punishment. ...
— Edict by Emperor Constantine against the Arians[21]
Book burning is the ritual destruction by fire of books or other written materials, usually carried out in a public context. The burning of books represents an element of censorship and usually proceeds from a cultural, religious, or political opposition to the materials in question.[1]
In some cases, the destroyed works are irreplaceable and their burning constitutes a severe loss to cultural heritage. Examples include the burning of books and burying of scholars under China's Qin Dynasty (213–210 BCE),
the burning of the Library of Alexandria (c. 49), the obliteration of the Library of Baghdad (1258), the destruction of Aztec codices by Itzcoatl (1430s), and the burning of Maya codices on the order of bishop Diego de Landa (1562).
In other cases, such as the Nazi book burnings, other copies of the destroyed books survive, but the instance of book burning becomes emblematic of a harsh and oppressive regime which is seeking to censor or silence an aspect of a nation's culture.
Book burning can be an act of contempt for the book's contents or author, and the act is intended to draw wider public attention to this opinion. Examples include the burning of Wilhelm Reich's books by the FDA and the 2010 Qur'an-burning controversy.
Art destruction is related to book burning, both because it might have similar cultural, religious, or political connotations, and because in various historical cases books and artworks were destroyed at the same time.
In modern times, other forms of media, such as phonograph records, video tapes, and CDs have also been burned, shredded, or crushed.
When the burning is widespread and systematic, destruction of books and media can become a significant component of cultural genocide.
paishachi bhasha vah prakrit bhasha hai, jo prachin samay men bharatavarsh ke pashchimottar pradesh men boli jati thi. is bhasha men virachit gunadhy krit 'brihatkatha' ki bharatiy sahity men badi khyati hai.
- prakrit ki madhy kalin any shauraseni adi prakriton se visheshata batalane vali pravritti yah hai ki isamen kh, gh, chh, jh adi alpapran varnon ka lop nahin hota aur n khh, ghh, dhh, bhh in mahapran varnon ke sthan par. is prakar paishachi men varnvyavastha any prakriton ki apeksha snskrit ke adhik nikat hai.
- paishachi prakrit ka ek upabhed 'choolika paishachi' hai, jisamen paishachi ki ukt pravrittiyon ke atirikt nimn do vishesh lakshan pae jate hain. ek to yahan, saghosh varnon, jaise- gh, ghh, dh, dhh adi ke sthan par kramash: aghosh varnon kh khh adi ka adesh paya jata hai, jaise- gndhar = kndhar, gnga = knka, bhedh: = mekho, raja = racha, nirjhar: = nichchharo, madhurn = mathurn, balak: = palako, bhagavati = phakvti; doosare rh ke sthan par vikalp se lh, jaise- gori = goli, charan = chalan, ruddn = luddn.
- any prakriton se milan karane par paishachi ki gy ke sthan par 'nn' tatha lh ke sthan par 'rh' ki pravrittiyan pali se milati hain. rh ke sthan par loo ki pravritti magadhi prakrit ka vikshep lakshan hi hai. tinon sakaron ke sthan par sh, kartakarak ekavachan ki vibhakti o, paishachi ko shauraseni se milati hai. yatharthat: shauraseni se usaka sabase adhik samy hai aur isaliye vaiyakaranon ne usaki shesh pravrittiyan 'shaurasenivath' nirdisht ki hai.
- paishachi ki ukt pravrittiyon men se kuchh ashok ki pashchimottar pradeshavarti kharoshthi lipi ki shahabajagadhi evn manasera ki dharmalipiyon men tatha isi lipi men likhe ge prachin madhy eshiya-khotan tatha pnjab se prapt hue lekhon men milati hain.
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