Appendix C: Abbreviations and
Acronyms Used in Toxicology
ADI Acceptable daily intake
AF Assessment factor
ALARA(P) As low as reasonably achievable (practicable)
In UK, regulations relating to worker exposure
In USA, goal of risk management (NRC regulations)
AUC Area under the concentration–time curve
AUMC Area under the moment curve
BCF Bioconcentration factor
BEI Biological exposure indices (ACGIH)
BEM Biological effect monitoring
BOD Biochemical oxygen demand
b.w. Body weight
CMR Carcinogenic, mutagenic and reproductive (toxicant)
CoMFA Comparative molecular field analysis
CV Ceiling value
Cyt Cytochrome
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNEL Derived no-effect level
EC Enzyme classification or effective concentration
ECn Median effective concentration to n% of a population
EDI Estimated daily intake
EDn Median effective dose to n% of a population
EEC Estimated exposure concentration
EED Estimated exposure dose
EEL Environmental exposure level
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EMDI Estimated maximum daily intake
EQS Environmental quality standard
GLP Good laboratory practice
HSG Health and safety guide (IPCS)
HQ Hazard quotient
IC Inhibitory concentration
i.c. Intracutaneous
i.d. Intradermal
i.m. Intramuscular
inhl By inhalation
i.p. Intraperitoneal
I-TEF International toxicity equivalency factor
i.v. Intravenous
KM Michaelis constant
Koc Organic carbon partition coefficient
KOW Octanol water partition coefficient
LADD Lifetime average daily dose
LCn Median concentration lethal to n% of a test population
LC50 See LCn
LDn Median dose lethal to n% of a test population
LD50 See LDn
LEL Lowest effect level, same as LOEL
LOAEL Lowest observed adverse effect level
LOEL Lowest observed effect level
LTn Median time for death of n% of a test population
LV Limit value
MAC Maximum allowable concentration
MEL Maximum exposure limit
MF Modifying factor
MOE Margin of exposure
MPC Maximum permissible concentration
MRL Maximum residue limit
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mRNA Messenger ribonucleic acid
MSDS Material safety data sheet
MTC Maximum tolerable concentration
MTD Maximum tolerable dose, maximum tolerated dose
MTEL Maximum tolerable exposure level
NADP(H) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)
NDn Median dose narcotic to n% of a population
NEL No effect level, same as NOEL
NOAEL No observed adverse effect level
NOEL No observed effect level
NSC Normalized sensitivity coefficients
PBT Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic
PBPK Physiologically based pharmacokinetics modelling
PEL Permissible exposure limit
p.c. Per cutim (Latin) through the skin
PM2.5 Particles in air of with a maximum aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm
PM10 Particles in air of with a maximum aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm
PMR Proportionate mortality rate, ratio
p.o. Per os (Latin) by mouth
POW Octanol water partition coefficient
PPAR Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PTWI Provisional tolerable weekly intake
QSAR Quantitative structure–activity relationship
3D-QSAR Three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship
QSMR Quantitative structure–metabolism relationship
RD Rate difference
RfC Reference concentration
RfD Reference dose
RNA Ribonucleic acid
ROS Reactive oxygen species
RR Rate ratio
SAR Structure–activity relationship
Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in Toxicology 459
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s.c. Subcutaneous
SCE Sister chromatid exchange
SMR Standard mortality ratio
SMR Structure–metabolism relationship
SNARL Suggested no-adverse-response level
STEL Short-term exposure limit
t1/2 Half life, half time
TBPK Toxicologically based pharmacokinetic modeling
TCDD 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
TDI Tolerable daily intake
TEF Toxicity equivalency factor
TEQ Toxicity equivalent
TLn See LTn
TLV Threshold limit value (ACGIH)
TMDI Theoretical maximum daily intake
TWA Time-weighted average
TWAC Time-weighted average concentration
TWAE Time-weighted average exposure
TWI Tolerable weekly intake
UF Uncertainty factor
Vmax Maximum velocity
vPvB Very persistent and very bioaccumulative
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Acronyms Used in Toxicology
ADI Acceptable daily intake
AF Assessment factor
ALARA(P) As low as reasonably achievable (practicable)
In UK, regulations relating to worker exposure
In USA, goal of risk management (NRC regulations)
AUC Area under the concentration–time curve
AUMC Area under the moment curve
BCF Bioconcentration factor
BEI Biological exposure indices (ACGIH)
BEM Biological effect monitoring
BOD Biochemical oxygen demand
b.w. Body weight
CMR Carcinogenic, mutagenic and reproductive (toxicant)
CoMFA Comparative molecular field analysis
CV Ceiling value
Cyt Cytochrome
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNEL Derived no-effect level
EC Enzyme classification or effective concentration
ECn Median effective concentration to n% of a population
EDI Estimated daily intake
EDn Median effective dose to n% of a population
EEC Estimated exposure concentration
EED Estimated exposure dose
EEL Environmental exposure level
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EMDI Estimated maximum daily intake
EQS Environmental quality standard
GLP Good laboratory practice
HSG Health and safety guide (IPCS)
HQ Hazard quotient
IC Inhibitory concentration
i.c. Intracutaneous
i.d. Intradermal
i.m. Intramuscular
inhl By inhalation
i.p. Intraperitoneal
I-TEF International toxicity equivalency factor
i.v. Intravenous
KM Michaelis constant
Koc Organic carbon partition coefficient
KOW Octanol water partition coefficient
LADD Lifetime average daily dose
LCn Median concentration lethal to n% of a test population
LC50 See LCn
LDn Median dose lethal to n% of a test population
LD50 See LDn
LEL Lowest effect level, same as LOEL
LOAEL Lowest observed adverse effect level
LOEL Lowest observed effect level
LTn Median time for death of n% of a test population
LV Limit value
MAC Maximum allowable concentration
MEL Maximum exposure limit
MF Modifying factor
MOE Margin of exposure
MPC Maximum permissible concentration
MRL Maximum residue limit
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mRNA Messenger ribonucleic acid
MSDS Material safety data sheet
MTC Maximum tolerable concentration
MTD Maximum tolerable dose, maximum tolerated dose
MTEL Maximum tolerable exposure level
NADP(H) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)
NDn Median dose narcotic to n% of a population
NEL No effect level, same as NOEL
NOAEL No observed adverse effect level
NOEL No observed effect level
NSC Normalized sensitivity coefficients
PBT Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic
PBPK Physiologically based pharmacokinetics modelling
PEL Permissible exposure limit
p.c. Per cutim (Latin) through the skin
PM2.5 Particles in air of with a maximum aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm
PM10 Particles in air of with a maximum aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm
PMR Proportionate mortality rate, ratio
p.o. Per os (Latin) by mouth
POW Octanol water partition coefficient
PPAR Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PTWI Provisional tolerable weekly intake
QSAR Quantitative structure–activity relationship
3D-QSAR Three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship
QSMR Quantitative structure–metabolism relationship
RD Rate difference
RfC Reference concentration
RfD Reference dose
RNA Ribonucleic acid
ROS Reactive oxygen species
RR Rate ratio
SAR Structure–activity relationship
Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in Toxicology 459
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s.c. Subcutaneous
SCE Sister chromatid exchange
SMR Standard mortality ratio
SMR Structure–metabolism relationship
SNARL Suggested no-adverse-response level
STEL Short-term exposure limit
t1/2 Half life, half time
TBPK Toxicologically based pharmacokinetic modeling
TCDD 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
TDI Tolerable daily intake
TEF Toxicity equivalency factor
TEQ Toxicity equivalent
TLn See LTn
TLV Threshold limit value (ACGIH)
TMDI Theoretical maximum daily intake
TWA Time-weighted average
TWAC Time-weighted average concentration
TWAE Time-weighted average exposure
TWI Tolerable weekly intake
UF Uncertainty factor
Vmax Maximum velocity
vPvB Very persistent and very bioaccumulative
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