Many Ayurvedic texts accepted 11 different timings for medicine administration.
VOLUME 119 CHRONOBIOLOGY: BIOLOGICAL TIMING
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Dosage forms in aushadhi sevan kala
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Reshma Saokar
2.24SDM Institute of Ayurveda Bengaluru Karnataka
saurav pal
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Pal et al. UJAHM 2015, 03 (05): Page 68-73 Unique Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines, 03 (05), September-October 2015 68 UNIQUE JOURNAL OF AYURVEDIC AND HERBAL MEDICINES Available online: www.ujconline.net Review Article ISSN 2347-2375 DOSAGE FORMS IN AUSHADHI SEVANA KALA Pal Sourav1*, Saokar Reshma2, Ganti Basavaraj Y3, Joshi Diwakar4 11st year PG Scholar, SDMCA, Hassan, India 2Assistant Professor, SDMCA, Hassan, India 3Associate professor & HOD, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, India 4Associate Professor, Department of Kaya Chikitsa, SDMCA, Hassan, India Received 25-08-2015; Revised 23-09-2015; Accepted 21-10-2015 *Corresponding Author: Dr Sourav Pal Vill + P.O.- Mosat, Dist.- Hooghly, P.S.- Chanditala, State- West Bengal, Pin-712701, Mobile: 08431695179/08820413725 ABSTRACT Ayurveda is a life science which explains about the different dosage forms which is the physical form of a medication intended for administration. The different dosage form can be prepared by the physician according to his yukti considering the samyoga, vishesha, kala and samskara. Bhaishajya kala is an important principle to be considered while treating a disease, still hardly a handful of physician are seen who account for this to highlight its imperial role in chikitsa. This is an immense necessity to analyze this concept, which is the need of the hour. Aushadha sevana kala is mainly explained in relation with Bala of Roga (strength of disease), Rogi (patient), particular Dosha, Dooshya and various other factors. The comprehensive understanding of this concept involves so many questions as why there is a difference in the number of Aushada sevana kala? The present paper focuses on the above points to find out the convincing answer. Keywords: Bhaishajya Kala, Disease, Dosha, Dooshya. INTRODUCTION Ayurveda, the science of life has been formed upon Trisutra viz Hetu, Linga & Aushadha. Among this, Aushadha is responsible for the alleviation of disease, as well as promotion and maintenance of health. It is also placed second among the Pada Chatustaya after Bhishak as it is instrumental aid to the Physician in curing the diseases. Our Science has always believed that there will be rhythmic changes in the predominance of bodily doshas with time. Hence when a medicine is given it is equally important to take into consideration Vaya, Agni Bala, Rogibala, Roga bala, Ritu etc. Apart from this the time of administration of medicine is equally important as the timed dosage is surely going to improve the treatment outcome. Different Aushada sevana kalas are mentioned by different Acharyas which are highlighted below Table 1: Different Aushadhi Sevana Kala1 Sevana kala Sangraha Hridaya Charaka Susruta Sharanghadhara Abhakta + + + + Suryodaya Pragbhakta + + D N + DB Madhyabhakta + + + + Adhobhakta + + D N + SB Sabhakta + + + + Antarbhakta + - - + Samudhga + + + + Muhurmuhu + + + + + Sagrasa + + + + Grasantara + + + + Nishi + + - - + 11 10 10 10 5 DB = Divasa bhojana, SB = Sayam bhojana, PP = Poorvapara, D = Day, N = Night
Pal et al. UJAHM 2015, 03 (05): Page 68-73 Unique Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines, 03 (05), September-October 2015 69 Table 2: Aushadhi sevana kala according to Astanga samgraha2 Method of Administration Indication Abhakta ( Without food ) Diseases of kapha origin, in severe ailments, in strong patient Pragbhakta ( Before food ) In vitiation of Apana Vayu Madhyabhakta (In between the meal ) In Vitiation of Samana Vayu Adhobhakta ( After food ) In vitiation of Vyana Vayu ( after breakfast), In vitiation of Udana Vayu ( after supper) Sabhakta ( Blended with food ) In children, in Aruchi Antarabhakta ( In between two meals) In vitiation of Samana Vayu Samudga ( Before and after food ) In Kampa ( tremor ), Aksepaka ( convulsion ) and Hidhma (hiccup) Sagrasa ( With each bolus of food ) In vitiation of Prana Vayu Grasantara ( Between each bolus of food) In vitiation of Prana Vayu Nisi In ailments affecting head & neck DOSAGE FORM: Dosage form is defined as Physical form of a chemical compound used as drug or medication intended for internal or external administration. The medicine administered during the Aushadha sevana kala can be categorized based on forms viz. (a) Liquid dosage forms (b) Semisolid dosage forms (c) solid dosage forms IMPORTANCE OF DOSAGE FORMS: It modifies the potency Makes it palatable Dose Fixation Increases shelf life Can be customized acc to Roga, Bala, Prakruthi, Sathmya etc Here an attempts is made to analyze the different dosage form that can be given in the different asuhadha sevana kala AUSHADHI SEVANA KALA BASED ON FORMS 1. LIQUID DOSAGE FORM 1.1 SWARASA1 The freshly extracted juice from the drug is known as Swarasa. Ex: Tulasi Swarasa Dose:- Niragnisiddha- ½ pala , Sagnisiddha – 1 pala Table 3: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Swarasa Indication Pragbhakta Ardraka Swarasa Aruchi Muhurmuhuh Vasa puta paka swarasa Durva Swarasa Svasa Chardi or Trsna 1.2 KWATHA3 One part of coarsely powdered drug is boiled with 16 parts of water in an earthen pot and kept over fire till liquid is reduced to 1/8 part of original quantity. Ex: Triphala kwatha. Dose: 2 palas Table 4: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Kwatha Indication Pragbhakta Varunadi kwatha Mutrakricha Adhobhakta Nagaradi Kwatha Mandagni Muhurmuhuh Dasomula kwatha Svasa Nisi Pathyadi Shadanga Kashaya Siro Sula 1.3 KSHEERAPAKA1 The medicated milk prepared with 1 part of prescribed drug and 8 parts of milk and 32 parts of water is boiled on moderate heat until only milk part remains is known as ksheerapaka. Ex: Arjuna ksheerapaka Table 5: AUSHADHA SEVANA KALA Aushadhi Sevana Kala Ksheerapaka Indication Pragbhakta Lasuna Ksheerapaka Ajeerna Adhobhakta Arjuna Ksheerapaka Hridroga 1.4 HIMA1 One part of coarsely powdered drug is put in 6 parts of cold water and kept overnight. Ex: Dhanyakadi hima Dose:- 48 ml Table 6: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Hima Indication Pragbhakta Dhanyakadi Hima Adho-Raktapitta Abhakta Dhanyaka Hima Paittika vikara Adhobhakta Dhanyakadi Hima Urdhwa-Raktapitta Muhurmuhuh Dhanyaka Hima Trishna
Pal et al. UJAHM 2015, 03 (05): Page 68-73 Unique Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines, 03 (05), September-October 2015 70 1.5 PHANTA1 A coarse powder of a drug is put in hot water and it is rubbed and filtered with a cloth. Ex: Panchakola phanta Dose: 2 pala Table 7: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Phanta Indication Abhakta Yastimadhu Phanta Vamana Karma Pragbhakta Panchakola Phanta Shoola Adhobhakta Sudarsana Phanta Jwara 1.6 ARKA KALPANA4 Arka is a liquid preparation obtained by distillation of certain liquid or of drugs soaked in water using Arka yantra. Ex: Ajamoda arka. Dose: 12-24 ml Table 8: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Arka Indication Pragbhakta Shunti Arka Ajeerna Muhurmuhuh Shatpauspa Arka Chardi Adhobhakta Shunti Arka Shula 1.7 SHARKARA KALPANA1 2 parts of sugar is added to 1 part of Kwatha / Swarasa / Hima and heated till it gets proper paka and after cooling it is filtered and used. Ex: Parushaka sharkara Dose: ½ to 1 pala Table 9: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Sharkara Indication Pragbhakta Ajomodarka Sarkara Ajeerna Muhurmuhuh Tulasi Arka Sarkara Swasa, Pratishaya Adhobhakta Parushaka Sarkara Grahani Nisi Vanapsa Sarkara Sirosula 1.8 ASAVARISHTA3 Asava and Arista are medicinal preparation made by soaking the drug either in the powder form or in Kashaya form in a solution of sugar or jaggery for specific period of time for fermentation to generate alcohol, thus facilitating the extraction of active principles contained in the drug. The alcohol so generated also serves as a preservative. Ex: Dashamularishta, Kanakasava. Dose- 1 pala Table 10: Ausadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Asavarista Indication Adhobhakta Aswaghandharista Deepana, Pachana Muhurmuhuh Kanakasava Kasa, Swasa 1.9 TAILA / GHRITA KALPANA1 Taila / Ghrita are preparations in which Taila / Ghrita is boiled with a prescribed drava drava and Kalka of drugs according to formula. This process ensures absorption of active therapeutic principles of the ingredients used. Ex: Triphala ghrita. Dose: one pala Table 11: Ausadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Taila/Ghrita Indication Abhakta Eranda Taila Virechana Pragbhakta Agni Ghrita Ajeerna Muhurmuhuh Manashiladi Ghrita Hikka roga Sagrasa Triphala Ghrita Netra roga Adhobhakta Pancha-gavya Ghrita Udar roga Nisi Mala avorodha 2. SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORM 2.1 KALKA1 Kalka is a soft paste of a wet or dry drug prepared by grinding wet drug without adding water and dry one with little water. Ex: Nimba patra kalka. Dose:- 1 karsa
Pal et al. UJAHM 2015, 03 (05): Page 68-73 Unique Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines, 03 (05), September-October 2015 71 Table 12: Ausadha Sevana Kala Generally it is used for Local Application Aushadhi Sevana Kalka Kalka Indication Muhurmuhuh Rasona Kalka Chardi Pragbhakta Kalmegha Krimi 2.2 AVALEHA KALPANA3 It is prepared by adding either jaggery, sugar, sugar candy and boiled with a prescribed kwatha or swarasa to get a semisolid preparation known as Avaleha kalpana. Ex.Chyavanaprasha Dose: 1 pala Table 13: Ausadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Avaleha Indication Abhakta Trivrut avaleha Virechana Karma Pragbhakta Cyavanaprasavaleha Agnimandya Adhobhakta Kusmanda avaleha Raktapitta Grasantara Kantakari avaleha Kasa Nisi Dhanykavaleha Netra roga Samudga Ardrakavaleha Hikka Muhurmuhu Haridradileha Swasa 3. SOLID DOSAGE FORM 3.1 CHURNA KALPANA3 Churna is the powder of single drug or a mixture of two or more drugs. The drugs are finely powdered and they are filtered through a cloth. Ex: Sitopaladi churna Dose: 1 karsa (12 g) Table 14: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Churna Indication Abhakta Virechana churna Virechana Karma Pragbhakta Pushyanuga churna Pradara Muhurmuhuh Sringadi churna Swasa Nisi Swadhista Virechana churna Vibandha Sagrasa Hingwastaka Agnideepana Samudga Pippali churna Hikka Adhobhakta Vajrakshara churna Udara roga 3.2 LAVANA KALPANA1 Lavana kalpana are those in which the drugs like Arka, Narikela etc, are mixed with saindhava lavana and subjected to puta. Ex: Arka / Narikela lavana Dose: 1-2 gram Table 15: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Lavana Indication Adhobhakta Narikela lavana Shoola hara, Pachaka Nisi Arka lavana Vibandha 3.3 KSHARA KALPANA1 Ksharas are alkaline substances obtained by soaking the ash of drugs in water kept overnight, filtered for many times and heated to obtain solid material. Ex: Yava kshara. Dose: 2-8 Gunja Table 16: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Kshara Indication Pragbhakta Vasa Kshara Aruchi, Asmari Adhobhakta Apamarga Kshara Udara-sula Muhurmuhuh Kadali Kshara Garavisa Sagrasa Bhallatakadi Kshara Agnideepana 3.4 BHASMA3 Powder of a substance obtained by subjecting it to puta is called as bhasma. Ex . Tamra bhasma, Shankha bhasma.
Pal et al. UJAHM 2015, 03 (05): Page 68-73 Unique Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines, 03 (05), September-October 2015 72 Table 17: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Bhasma Indication Pragbhakta Shankha bhasma Ajeerna Adhobhakta Mukta bhasma Swasa Muhurmuhuh Mayura pichha bhasma Chardi 3.5 PISTHI3 Pishti is prepared by triturating the drug with the specified liquid either by exposing it to sun or moon light. Ex :Pravala pishti Table 18: Aushada Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Pisthi Indication Pragbhakta Trinakantamani pisti Raktatisara Adhobhakta Praval pisti Amlapitta 3.6 PARPATI3 Parpati is a preparation in which flakes of the compound are obtained by pressing the liquefied Kajjali in kadali patra kept over the base of gomaya. Ex. Rasa Parpati Table 19: Aushada Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Parpati Indication Pragbhakta Sweta Parpati Mutrakrichha Adhobhakta Louha parpati Sula Muhurmuhuh Abhraka parpati Swasa 3.7 RASAKRIYA1 Kwathadi are reheated to a thick consistency is known as Rasakriya. Ex: Daruharidra rasakriya Dose- 1 pala (A/C to Sa. Sam.), 1 karsa (A/C to Y. Trikamji) Table 20: AUSHADA SEVANA KALA Aushadhi Sevana Kala Rasakriya Indication Adhobhakta Guduchi rasakriya Jwara Nisi Triphala rasakriya Vibhandha Pragbhakta Udumbara rasakriya Pradaha shamaka 3.8 VATI KALPANA3 Medicines prepared in the form of tablet or pills are known as Vati or Gutika etc. These are made of one or more drugs either of plant, animal or mineral origin or in combination. Ex: Chandraprabha vati Dose:- 1 karsa Table 21: Aushada Sevana Kala Aushadi Sevana Kala Vati Indication Abhakta Ichhabhedi rasa Virechana karma Pragbhakta Chitrakadi vati Ajeerna Adhobhakta Mahashankha vati Udar-shoola Sagrasa Hingwastaka vati Agnideepana Nisi Triphala vati Vibandha Muhurmuhuh Bilwadi vati Visha 3.9 GUGGULU KALPANA3 The formulation which contains Guggulu as a main ingredient is known as Guggulu kalpana. It is mainly in pills form. Ex: Triphala guggulu, Yogaraja guggulu. Dose- One Karsa Table 22: Aushada Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Guggulu yoga Indication Pragbhakta Gokshuradi guggulu Mutrakrichha Adhobhakta Yogoraj guggulu Vatavyadhi
Pal et al. UJAHM 2015, 03 (05): Page 68-73 Unique Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines, 03 (05), September-October 2015 73 DISCUSSION Deepaniya Aushadhi is generally given before food and Pachaniya aushadi is given after food. For Antarika pachana medicine is given 1-2hr after food. In morning on empty stomach generally strong Rechaka Aushadi is given and Mridhu rechaka is given at night. In case of Nidrajanana aushadhi, it is given before ½ hr of bed time. Usually Churna, Leha and Vati are given for Agnideepana and Vajikarana purpose. In Hikka and Kampa roga Avaleha and Churna can be given as samudga. Louha and Shankha containing yoga can be given after food, and in parinama shoola aushadhi is given as Samudga. Khanija amla is given before food. Cod liver oil is given generally after food. Artava janana aushadhi is given one week before menstruation5. CONCLUSION The dosage form may vary according to disease, age agni etc factors. Single dosage form can be given in different aushadha sevana kala depending upon the disease condition, which lies on the yukti of the Bhishaka. In Aushadha sevana kala, vata is given more importance as it is considered dominant compared to other two doshas. The modern science also having the concept regarding aushadha sevana kala, here dosage is given importance and is being introduced under the heading Chronotherapeutics. Chronothrerapeutics may be defined as the synchronization of drug therapies with constantly changing body rhythms. According to chronobiologist predictable variation in bodily function during the day, week, month and year, alters the severity of disease symptoms, results of diagnostic tests and effects of drugs and other therapies. Hence to conclude we can say that the concepts mentioned in Ayurveda holds true even after thousands of years, which needs to be backed up by proper scientific studies. REFERENCES 1. Angadi R. A text book of bhaishajyakalpanavijnana. 1st ed. Varanasi. Chaukhamba surbharati prakashan; 2009. 2. Tripathi RD. Vrddhavagbhata. sutrasthana:Astanga Samgraha,Saroj Hindi Commentary.Reprint ed. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan;2001 3. Tripathi B. Rastantrasaar and Siddhaprayog Sangraha 12th ed. Rajasthan: Krishna Gopal Ayurved Bhawan; 2010.part1 4. Tripathi I. Ravana Arka Prakasha. Commentary. 2nd ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy; 2011 5. Hiremath GS. A text book of bhaishajyakalpana vijnana. 1st ed. Varanasi. I B H Prakashana; 2000. Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared
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Tripathi I. Ravana Arka Prakasha. Commentary. 2 nd ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy; 2011
Rastantrasaar and Siddhaprayog Sangraha 12 th ed. Rajasthan: Krishna Gopal Ayurved Bhawan
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Tripathi B. Rastantrasaar and Siddhaprayog Sangraha 12 th ed. Rajasthan: Krishna Gopal Ayurved Bhawan; 2010.part1
A text book of bhaishajyakalpanavijnana Chaukhamba surbharati prakashan
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Angadi R. A text book of bhaishajyakalpanavijnana. 1st ed. Varanasi. Chaukhamba surbharati prakashan; 2009.
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Rd TripathiVrddhavagbhata
Tripathi RD. Vrddhavagbhata. sutrasthana:Astanga Samgraha,Saroj Hindi Commentary.Reprint ed. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan;2001
A text book of bhaishajyakalpana vijnana
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Hiremath GS. A text book of bhaishajyakalpana vijnana. 1st ed. Varanasi. I B H Prakashana; 2000.
A text book of bhaishajyakalpanavijnana. 1st ed. Varanasi. Chaukhamba surbharati prakashan
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Angadi R. A text book of bhaishajyakalpanavijnana. 1st ed. Varanasi. Chaukhamba surbharati prakashan; 2009.
Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan
Jan 2001
R D TripathiVrddhavagbhata
Tripathi RD. Vrddhavagbhata. sutrasthana:Astanga Samgraha,Saroj Hindi Commentary.Reprint ed. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan;2001
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VOLUME 119 CHRONOBIOLOGY: BIOLOGICAL TIMING
Chronobiology: Biological Timing in Health and Disease
Chapter 1 Discovery of the Clock Mutant and the First Mammalian Clock Gene and the Links to Obesity: Starting with Animal #25 Fred W. Turek
Perhaps this is the reason why in the medical practice the circadian variability of hormones, metabolites, physiological behaviors or the relevance of time in the presence or absence of different pathologies, have been practically ignored
There is so much research being done in
Chronobiology and its importance in every day medicine.
Ayurveda, the science of life has been formed upon Trisutra viz Hetu, Linga & Aushadha. Among this, Aushadha is responsible for the alleviation of disease, as well as promotion and maintenance of health. It is also placed second among the Pada Chatustaya after Bhishak as it is instrumental aid to the Physician in curing the diseases.Our Science has always believed that there will be rhythmic changes in the predominance of bodily doshas with time. Hence when a medicine is given it is equally important to take into consideration Vaya, Agni Bala, Rogibala, Roga bala, Ritu etc. Apart from this the time of administration of medicine is equally important as the timed dosage is surely going to improve the treatment outcome. Different Aushada sevana kaalas ( medicine taking times ) are mentioned by different Acharyas which are highlighted below "
Pal et al. UJAHM 2015, 03 (05): Page 68-73 Unique Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines, 03 (05), September-October 2015 68 UNIQUE JOURNAL OF AYURVEDIC AND HERBAL MEDICINES Available online: www.ujconline.net Review Article ISSN 2347-2375 DOSAGE FORMS IN AUSHADHI SEVANA KALA Pal Sourav1*, Saokar Reshma2, Ganti Basavaraj Y3, Joshi Diwakar4 11st year PG Scholar, SDMCA, Hassan, India 2Assistant Professor, SDMCA, Hassan, India 3Associate professor & HOD, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, India 4Associate Professor, Department of Kaya Chikitsa, SDMCA, Hassan, India Received 25-08-2015; Revised 23-09-2015; Accepted 21-10-2015 *Corresponding Author: Dr Sourav Pal Vill + P.O.- Mosat, Dist.- Hooghly, P.S.- Chanditala, State- West Bengal, Pin-712701, Mobile: 08431695179/08820413725 ABSTRACT Ayurveda is a life science which explains about the different dosage forms which is the physical form of a medication intended for administration. The different dosage form can be prepared by the physician according to his yukti considering the samyoga, vishesha, kala and samskara. Bhaishajya kala is an important principle to be considered while treating a disease, still hardly a handful of physician are seen who account for this to highlight its imperial role in chikitsa. This is an immense necessity to analyze this concept, which is the need of the hour. Aushadha sevana kala is mainly explained in relation with Bala of Roga (strength of disease), Rogi (patient), particular Dosha, Dooshya and various other factors. The comprehensive understanding of this concept involves so many questions as why there is a difference in the number of Aushada sevana kala? The present paper focuses on the above points to find out the convincing answer. Keywords: Bhaishajya Kala, Disease, Dosha, Dooshya. INTRODUCTION Ayurveda, the science of life has been formed upon Trisutra viz Hetu, Linga & Aushadha. Among this, Aushadha is responsible for the alleviation of disease, as well as promotion and maintenance of health. It is also placed second among the Pada Chatustaya after Bhishak as it is instrumental aid to the Physician in curing the diseases. Our Science has always believed that there will be rhythmic changes in the predominance of bodily doshas with time. Hence when a medicine is given it is equally important to take into consideration Vaya, Agni Bala, Rogibala, Roga bala, Ritu etc. Apart from this the time of administration of medicine is equally important as the timed dosage is surely going to improve the treatment outcome. Different Aushada sevana kalas are mentioned by different Acharyas which are highlighted below
Table 1:
Different aushadhi sEvana kaala
Sevana kala
Abhakta
Prabhakta
Madhya bhakta
Adhobhakta
Sabhakta
Antarbhakta
Samudhga
Muhurmuhu
Sagrasa
Grasantara
Nishi
See all ›
7 References
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Dosage forms in aushadhi sevan kala
Article (PDF Available) · September 2015 with 538 Reads
Reshma Saokar
2.24SDM Institute of Ayurveda Bengaluru Karnataka
saurav pal
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Pal et al. UJAHM 2015, 03 (05): Page 68-73 Unique Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines, 03 (05), September-October 2015 68 UNIQUE JOURNAL OF AYURVEDIC AND HERBAL MEDICINES Available online: www.ujconline.net Review Article ISSN 2347-2375 DOSAGE FORMS IN AUSHADHI SEVANA KALA Pal Sourav1*, Saokar Reshma2, Ganti Basavaraj Y3, Joshi Diwakar4 11st year PG Scholar, SDMCA, Hassan, India 2Assistant Professor, SDMCA, Hassan, India 3Associate professor & HOD, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, India 4Associate Professor, Department of Kaya Chikitsa, SDMCA, Hassan, India Received 25-08-2015; Revised 23-09-2015; Accepted 21-10-2015 *Corresponding Author: Dr Sourav Pal Vill + P.O.- Mosat, Dist.- Hooghly, P.S.- Chanditala, State- West Bengal, Pin-712701, Mobile: 08431695179/08820413725 ABSTRACT Ayurveda is a life science which explains about the different dosage forms which is the physical form of a medication intended for administration. The different dosage form can be prepared by the physician according to his yukti considering the samyoga, vishesha, kala and samskara. Bhaishajya kala is an important principle to be considered while treating a disease, still hardly a handful of physician are seen who account for this to highlight its imperial role in chikitsa. This is an immense necessity to analyze this concept, which is the need of the hour. Aushadha sevana kala is mainly explained in relation with Bala of Roga (strength of disease), Rogi (patient), particular Dosha, Dooshya and various other factors. The comprehensive understanding of this concept involves so many questions as why there is a difference in the number of Aushada sevana kala? The present paper focuses on the above points to find out the convincing answer. Keywords: Bhaishajya Kala, Disease, Dosha, Dooshya. INTRODUCTION Ayurveda, the science of life has been formed upon Trisutra viz Hetu, Linga & Aushadha. Among this, Aushadha is responsible for the alleviation of disease, as well as promotion and maintenance of health. It is also placed second among the Pada Chatustaya after Bhishak as it is instrumental aid to the Physician in curing the diseases. Our Science has always believed that there will be rhythmic changes in the predominance of bodily doshas with time. Hence when a medicine is given it is equally important to take into consideration Vaya, Agni Bala, Rogibala, Roga bala, Ritu etc. Apart from this the time of administration of medicine is equally important as the timed dosage is surely going to improve the treatment outcome. Different Aushada sevana kalas are mentioned by different Acharyas which are highlighted below Table 1: Different Aushadhi Sevana Kala1 Sevana kala Sangraha Hridaya Charaka Susruta Sharanghadhara Abhakta + + + + Suryodaya Pragbhakta + + D N + DB Madhyabhakta + + + + Adhobhakta + + D N + SB Sabhakta + + + + Antarbhakta + - - + Samudhga + + + + Muhurmuhu + + + + + Sagrasa + + + + Grasantara + + + + Nishi + + - - + 11 10 10 10 5 DB = Divasa bhojana, SB = Sayam bhojana, PP = Poorvapara, D = Day, N = Night
Pal et al. UJAHM 2015, 03 (05): Page 68-73 Unique Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines, 03 (05), September-October 2015 69 Table 2: Aushadhi sevana kala according to Astanga samgraha2 Method of Administration Indication Abhakta ( Without food ) Diseases of kapha origin, in severe ailments, in strong patient Pragbhakta ( Before food ) In vitiation of Apana Vayu Madhyabhakta (In between the meal ) In Vitiation of Samana Vayu Adhobhakta ( After food ) In vitiation of Vyana Vayu ( after breakfast), In vitiation of Udana Vayu ( after supper) Sabhakta ( Blended with food ) In children, in Aruchi Antarabhakta ( In between two meals) In vitiation of Samana Vayu Samudga ( Before and after food ) In Kampa ( tremor ), Aksepaka ( convulsion ) and Hidhma (hiccup) Sagrasa ( With each bolus of food ) In vitiation of Prana Vayu Grasantara ( Between each bolus of food) In vitiation of Prana Vayu Nisi In ailments affecting head & neck DOSAGE FORM: Dosage form is defined as Physical form of a chemical compound used as drug or medication intended for internal or external administration. The medicine administered during the Aushadha sevana kala can be categorized based on forms viz. (a) Liquid dosage forms (b) Semisolid dosage forms (c) solid dosage forms IMPORTANCE OF DOSAGE FORMS: It modifies the potency Makes it palatable Dose Fixation Increases shelf life Can be customized acc to Roga, Bala, Prakruthi, Sathmya etc Here an attempts is made to analyze the different dosage form that can be given in the different asuhadha sevana kala AUSHADHI SEVANA KALA BASED ON FORMS 1. LIQUID DOSAGE FORM 1.1 SWARASA1 The freshly extracted juice from the drug is known as Swarasa. Ex: Tulasi Swarasa Dose:- Niragnisiddha- ½ pala , Sagnisiddha – 1 pala Table 3: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Swarasa Indication Pragbhakta Ardraka Swarasa Aruchi Muhurmuhuh Vasa puta paka swarasa Durva Swarasa Svasa Chardi or Trsna 1.2 KWATHA3 One part of coarsely powdered drug is boiled with 16 parts of water in an earthen pot and kept over fire till liquid is reduced to 1/8 part of original quantity. Ex: Triphala kwatha. Dose: 2 palas Table 4: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Kwatha Indication Pragbhakta Varunadi kwatha Mutrakricha Adhobhakta Nagaradi Kwatha Mandagni Muhurmuhuh Dasomula kwatha Svasa Nisi Pathyadi Shadanga Kashaya Siro Sula 1.3 KSHEERAPAKA1 The medicated milk prepared with 1 part of prescribed drug and 8 parts of milk and 32 parts of water is boiled on moderate heat until only milk part remains is known as ksheerapaka. Ex: Arjuna ksheerapaka Table 5: AUSHADHA SEVANA KALA Aushadhi Sevana Kala Ksheerapaka Indication Pragbhakta Lasuna Ksheerapaka Ajeerna Adhobhakta Arjuna Ksheerapaka Hridroga 1.4 HIMA1 One part of coarsely powdered drug is put in 6 parts of cold water and kept overnight. Ex: Dhanyakadi hima Dose:- 48 ml Table 6: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Hima Indication Pragbhakta Dhanyakadi Hima Adho-Raktapitta Abhakta Dhanyaka Hima Paittika vikara Adhobhakta Dhanyakadi Hima Urdhwa-Raktapitta Muhurmuhuh Dhanyaka Hima Trishna
Pal et al. UJAHM 2015, 03 (05): Page 68-73 Unique Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines, 03 (05), September-October 2015 70 1.5 PHANTA1 A coarse powder of a drug is put in hot water and it is rubbed and filtered with a cloth. Ex: Panchakola phanta Dose: 2 pala Table 7: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Phanta Indication Abhakta Yastimadhu Phanta Vamana Karma Pragbhakta Panchakola Phanta Shoola Adhobhakta Sudarsana Phanta Jwara 1.6 ARKA KALPANA4 Arka is a liquid preparation obtained by distillation of certain liquid or of drugs soaked in water using Arka yantra. Ex: Ajamoda arka. Dose: 12-24 ml Table 8: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Arka Indication Pragbhakta Shunti Arka Ajeerna Muhurmuhuh Shatpauspa Arka Chardi Adhobhakta Shunti Arka Shula 1.7 SHARKARA KALPANA1 2 parts of sugar is added to 1 part of Kwatha / Swarasa / Hima and heated till it gets proper paka and after cooling it is filtered and used. Ex: Parushaka sharkara Dose: ½ to 1 pala Table 9: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Sharkara Indication Pragbhakta Ajomodarka Sarkara Ajeerna Muhurmuhuh Tulasi Arka Sarkara Swasa, Pratishaya Adhobhakta Parushaka Sarkara Grahani Nisi Vanapsa Sarkara Sirosula 1.8 ASAVARISHTA3 Asava and Arista are medicinal preparation made by soaking the drug either in the powder form or in Kashaya form in a solution of sugar or jaggery for specific period of time for fermentation to generate alcohol, thus facilitating the extraction of active principles contained in the drug. The alcohol so generated also serves as a preservative. Ex: Dashamularishta, Kanakasava. Dose- 1 pala Table 10: Ausadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Asavarista Indication Adhobhakta Aswaghandharista Deepana, Pachana Muhurmuhuh Kanakasava Kasa, Swasa 1.9 TAILA / GHRITA KALPANA1 Taila / Ghrita are preparations in which Taila / Ghrita is boiled with a prescribed drava drava and Kalka of drugs according to formula. This process ensures absorption of active therapeutic principles of the ingredients used. Ex: Triphala ghrita. Dose: one pala Table 11: Ausadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Taila/Ghrita Indication Abhakta Eranda Taila Virechana Pragbhakta Agni Ghrita Ajeerna Muhurmuhuh Manashiladi Ghrita Hikka roga Sagrasa Triphala Ghrita Netra roga Adhobhakta Pancha-gavya Ghrita Udar roga Nisi Mala avorodha 2. SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORM 2.1 KALKA1 Kalka is a soft paste of a wet or dry drug prepared by grinding wet drug without adding water and dry one with little water. Ex: Nimba patra kalka. Dose:- 1 karsa
Pal et al. UJAHM 2015, 03 (05): Page 68-73 Unique Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines, 03 (05), September-October 2015 71 Table 12: Ausadha Sevana Kala Generally it is used for Local Application Aushadhi Sevana Kalka Kalka Indication Muhurmuhuh Rasona Kalka Chardi Pragbhakta Kalmegha Krimi 2.2 AVALEHA KALPANA3 It is prepared by adding either jaggery, sugar, sugar candy and boiled with a prescribed kwatha or swarasa to get a semisolid preparation known as Avaleha kalpana. Ex.Chyavanaprasha Dose: 1 pala Table 13: Ausadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Avaleha Indication Abhakta Trivrut avaleha Virechana Karma Pragbhakta Cyavanaprasavaleha Agnimandya Adhobhakta Kusmanda avaleha Raktapitta Grasantara Kantakari avaleha Kasa Nisi Dhanykavaleha Netra roga Samudga Ardrakavaleha Hikka Muhurmuhu Haridradileha Swasa 3. SOLID DOSAGE FORM 3.1 CHURNA KALPANA3 Churna is the powder of single drug or a mixture of two or more drugs. The drugs are finely powdered and they are filtered through a cloth. Ex: Sitopaladi churna Dose: 1 karsa (12 g) Table 14: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Churna Indication Abhakta Virechana churna Virechana Karma Pragbhakta Pushyanuga churna Pradara Muhurmuhuh Sringadi churna Swasa Nisi Swadhista Virechana churna Vibandha Sagrasa Hingwastaka Agnideepana Samudga Pippali churna Hikka Adhobhakta Vajrakshara churna Udara roga 3.2 LAVANA KALPANA1 Lavana kalpana are those in which the drugs like Arka, Narikela etc, are mixed with saindhava lavana and subjected to puta. Ex: Arka / Narikela lavana Dose: 1-2 gram Table 15: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Lavana Indication Adhobhakta Narikela lavana Shoola hara, Pachaka Nisi Arka lavana Vibandha 3.3 KSHARA KALPANA1 Ksharas are alkaline substances obtained by soaking the ash of drugs in water kept overnight, filtered for many times and heated to obtain solid material. Ex: Yava kshara. Dose: 2-8 Gunja Table 16: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Kshara Indication Pragbhakta Vasa Kshara Aruchi, Asmari Adhobhakta Apamarga Kshara Udara-sula Muhurmuhuh Kadali Kshara Garavisa Sagrasa Bhallatakadi Kshara Agnideepana 3.4 BHASMA3 Powder of a substance obtained by subjecting it to puta is called as bhasma. Ex . Tamra bhasma, Shankha bhasma.
Pal et al. UJAHM 2015, 03 (05): Page 68-73 Unique Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines, 03 (05), September-October 2015 72 Table 17: Aushadha Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Bhasma Indication Pragbhakta Shankha bhasma Ajeerna Adhobhakta Mukta bhasma Swasa Muhurmuhuh Mayura pichha bhasma Chardi 3.5 PISTHI3 Pishti is prepared by triturating the drug with the specified liquid either by exposing it to sun or moon light. Ex :Pravala pishti Table 18: Aushada Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Pisthi Indication Pragbhakta Trinakantamani pisti Raktatisara Adhobhakta Praval pisti Amlapitta 3.6 PARPATI3 Parpati is a preparation in which flakes of the compound are obtained by pressing the liquefied Kajjali in kadali patra kept over the base of gomaya. Ex. Rasa Parpati Table 19: Aushada Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Parpati Indication Pragbhakta Sweta Parpati Mutrakrichha Adhobhakta Louha parpati Sula Muhurmuhuh Abhraka parpati Swasa 3.7 RASAKRIYA1 Kwathadi are reheated to a thick consistency is known as Rasakriya. Ex: Daruharidra rasakriya Dose- 1 pala (A/C to Sa. Sam.), 1 karsa (A/C to Y. Trikamji) Table 20: AUSHADA SEVANA KALA Aushadhi Sevana Kala Rasakriya Indication Adhobhakta Guduchi rasakriya Jwara Nisi Triphala rasakriya Vibhandha Pragbhakta Udumbara rasakriya Pradaha shamaka 3.8 VATI KALPANA3 Medicines prepared in the form of tablet or pills are known as Vati or Gutika etc. These are made of one or more drugs either of plant, animal or mineral origin or in combination. Ex: Chandraprabha vati Dose:- 1 karsa Table 21: Aushada Sevana Kala Aushadi Sevana Kala Vati Indication Abhakta Ichhabhedi rasa Virechana karma Pragbhakta Chitrakadi vati Ajeerna Adhobhakta Mahashankha vati Udar-shoola Sagrasa Hingwastaka vati Agnideepana Nisi Triphala vati Vibandha Muhurmuhuh Bilwadi vati Visha 3.9 GUGGULU KALPANA3 The formulation which contains Guggulu as a main ingredient is known as Guggulu kalpana. It is mainly in pills form. Ex: Triphala guggulu, Yogaraja guggulu. Dose- One Karsa Table 22: Aushada Sevana Kala Aushadhi Sevana Kala Guggulu yoga Indication Pragbhakta Gokshuradi guggulu Mutrakrichha Adhobhakta Yogoraj guggulu Vatavyadhi
Pal et al. UJAHM 2015, 03 (05): Page 68-73 Unique Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines, 03 (05), September-October 2015 73 DISCUSSION Deepaniya Aushadhi is generally given before food and Pachaniya aushadi is given after food. For Antarika pachana medicine is given 1-2hr after food. In morning on empty stomach generally strong Rechaka Aushadi is given and Mridhu rechaka is given at night. In case of Nidrajanana aushadhi, it is given before ½ hr of bed time. Usually Churna, Leha and Vati are given for Agnideepana and Vajikarana purpose. In Hikka and Kampa roga Avaleha and Churna can be given as samudga. Louha and Shankha containing yoga can be given after food, and in parinama shoola aushadhi is given as Samudga. Khanija amla is given before food. Cod liver oil is given generally after food. Artava janana aushadhi is given one week before menstruation5. CONCLUSION The dosage form may vary according to disease, age agni etc factors. Single dosage form can be given in different aushadha sevana kala depending upon the disease condition, which lies on the yukti of the Bhishaka. In Aushadha sevana kala, vata is given more importance as it is considered dominant compared to other two doshas. The modern science also having the concept regarding aushadha sevana kala, here dosage is given importance and is being introduced under the heading Chronotherapeutics. Chronothrerapeutics may be defined as the synchronization of drug therapies with constantly changing body rhythms. According to chronobiologist predictable variation in bodily function during the day, week, month and year, alters the severity of disease symptoms, results of diagnostic tests and effects of drugs and other therapies. Hence to conclude we can say that the concepts mentioned in Ayurveda holds true even after thousands of years, which needs to be backed up by proper scientific studies. REFERENCES 1. Angadi R. A text book of bhaishajyakalpanavijnana. 1st ed. Varanasi. Chaukhamba surbharati prakashan; 2009. 2. Tripathi RD. Vrddhavagbhata. sutrasthana:Astanga Samgraha,Saroj Hindi Commentary.Reprint ed. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan;2001 3. Tripathi B. Rastantrasaar and Siddhaprayog Sangraha 12th ed. Rajasthan: Krishna Gopal Ayurved Bhawan; 2010.part1 4. Tripathi I. Ravana Arka Prakasha. Commentary. 2nd ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy; 2011 5. Hiremath GS. A text book of bhaishajyakalpana vijnana. 1st ed. Varanasi. I B H Prakashana; 2000. Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared
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