SYSTEM FOR OPHTHALMIC DISPENSING
in medical school i spent a lot of time learning various Opthalmology topics . but the Mechanics of Corrective glasses which is about 70 % of the eye problems in day to day practice . very little or no details of the Opticians trade is even mentioned in medical /surgical opthalmology books .
Now that i do not have to worry about exams ,degrees or spare time .( isn't pre-retirement so great?) I read random stuff on google books. related and not related to Medicine /surgery.
Recently I wanted to bend some plastic implements . from where i got info about Hot sand box / Salt pan frame warmer used by optician.
from where I went to the book "SYSTEM FOR OPHTHALMIC DISPENSING "By Clifford W. Brooks, Irvin Borish
Some little known gems/facts from this book are reproduced below .
When you know the exact terminology/jargon you sound more Knowledgeable
for example i never knew about the various parts of a shoe
• SPECTACLE IS AN OPTICAL APPLIANCE COMPRISING A LENSES AND A FRAME WITH
SIDES EXTENDING TOWARDS THE EARS.
Part I OPHTHALMIC DISPENSING,
Part II OPHTHALMIC LENSES,
Frame Types and parts,
Frame Measurements and Markings,
Measuring the Interpupillary Distance,
Frame Selection,
Reference Point Placement,
Multifocal Height, and Blank Size Determination, Ordering and Verification,
Lens Insertion,
Standard Alignment,Adjusting the Frame,
Frame Repairs and Modifications,
Review of Elementary Mathematical Principles,
Characteristics Of Ophthalmic Lenses, Lens Curvature and Thickness
Optical Considerations With Increasing Lens Power,
Optical Prism: Power and Base Direction,
Optical Prism: Decentration and Thickness,
Fresnel prisms and Lenses,
Lens Design,
Segmented Multifocal Lenses,
Progressive Addition Lenses,
Anisometropia,
Absorptive Lenses,
Lens Materials, Safety, and Sports Eyewear,
How Lenses Are Edged,
Frame Types and parts, click to see a slide show
Spectacle frame
Parts of a Spectacle frame
• Each frame has two main parts - Front & Sidesor Temples,
Front consist of rims, bridge, joints and lugs
• Rim
• May be complete or incomplete or full rim,
rimless(3ps) and half rim(supra)
• Lenses are supported by nylon or steel wires.
BASIC PARTS, Frame Fronts,Temples,
The frame is that portion of the spectacles that holds the
lenses containing the ophthalmic prescription in their
proper position in front of the eyes.
A frame generally consists of the front, which in one
form or another contains the lenses, and the temples,
which attach to the front and hook over the ears to help
hold the spectacles in place. Frames occasionally do not
have temples and are instead held in place by pressure
on the sides of the nose (pince-nez), by attachment to
another frame (clip-ons), or by being held in the hand
(lorgnettes).
Frame Fronts
That area of the frame front between the lenses that rests
on the nose is the bridge. The rim going around the
lenses is known as the eye wire or rim. The outer areas of
the frame front, to the extreme left and right where the
temples attach, are known as the end pieces. A few plastic
frames may still have a metal shield on the front of the
endpiece to which rivets are attached to hold the hinge
in place (Figure I-I).
The hinges hold the temples to the front, and consist
of an odd number of inter fitting barrels, the total number
being three, five, or seven. Hinges may vary in construction
CONSTRUCTION,Frames, 3
Bridge Area, Endpiece Construction,Temple Construction, "Classic" Rimless Fronts,
Frames without an eyewire going completely around the
lens are called mountings. Lenses are "inserted" into
frames, but "mounted" into mountings.
Frames them-
selves can be classified in a simplified manner by one of
the following categories of frames or mountings.
Plastic frames are made Of some type Of plastic material.
Plastic frames were occasionally referred to as shell
frames, dating back to the time when eyeglass frames
were made of tortoise shell. This term has fallen into
disuse. Another general term that many still use for
certain plastic frames is zyl, since at one time zylonite
(cel n was a used material. Zylonite
is highly flammable and no longer used for spectacle
frames. The name "zyl" continues to be used, but usually
refers to the most commonly used plastic material-
cellulose acetate. Now, with the emergence of many new
materials, either the exact name of the plastic material
is used or the frame is simply referred to as plastic
(Figure 1-3).
is highly flammable and no longer used for spectacle
frames. The name "zyl" continues to be used, but usually
refers to the most commonly used plastic material-
cellulose acetate. Now, with the emergence of many new
materials, either the exact name of the plastic material
is used or the frame is simply referred to as plastic
(Figure 1-3).
Metal
Metal frames are those made of all metal parts, except for
the nose pads and the posterior temple sections, which
are plastic covered. The eyewire runs completely around
the lens (Figure 1-4).
Nylon cord frames
Nylon cord frames, sometimes called string mounted frames
or nylon supras hold the lenses in place by means of a
nylon cord that fits around the edge of the lens. This
gives the glasses the appearance of being rimless. Usually
the top of the lens is fitted into the upper rim of the
frames. The rest Of the lens has a small groove Cut into
an otherwise flat edge
1-8). Rimless mountings are sometimes referred to as
3-piece mountings.
Semirimless mountings are similar to the rimless except
for a metal reinforcing arm, which follows the upper
posterior surface Of the lens and joins the centerpiece Of
the frame to the endpiece.
The centerpiece of a mounting consists of bridge, pad arms, and pads (Figure 1-9).
Numont mountings hold the lenses in place only at their nasal edge. They are seldom seen today. The lenses
are attached at the bridge area and the temples are
attached to a metal arm that extends along the posterior
Coloration, FRAME MATERIALS, Plastic Frame Materials, Metal Frame Materials,
ALLERGIC REACTIONS TO FRAME
MATERIALS, 14
PROFICIENCY TEST, 15
Half-eye frames in use. Half-eyes are made especially those who need a reading correction but no correction for distance vision.
attachment per lens -
Currently most dispensers refer to any Of these three
variations of a rimless mounting as "rimless." They do
not differentiate between the three.
Other Mountings
Balgrip mountings secure the lens in place with clips
attached to a bar of tensile steel that firs into a nasal and
a temporal notch on each side Of the lens. The lens can
be easily removed by pulling the clips back from the lens.
For this reason, this type of mounting can be used with
more than one pair of lenses for the same frame. Sun-
lenses, special purpose lenses, or tinted lenses could then
be used interchangeably with the patient's regular lenses
(Figure I-I l). Notches are now more Often used in combination with drilled holes in rimless mountings to lend stability to the mounting.
We are always told to use both hnads to put on and take off glasses and 99% people use their dominant hand specially to take their glasses off and this is the most common way to loosen /wear out the thread of the screw holding the lenses and ultimately ending with loss of the frame
.
EYE GLASSES
• THESE OPTICAL APPLIANCE COMPRISING A LENSES AND A FRaME HAVI
• EYE GLASSES WeRE USED IN THE PAsT
HAVE BEEN REPLACED IN SPECTACLE.
Monocle
in medical school i spent a lot of time learning various Opthalmology topics . but the Mechanics of Corrective glasses which is about 70 % of the eye problems in day to day practice . very little or no details of the Opticians trade is even mentioned in medical /surgical opthalmology books .
Now that i do not have to worry about exams ,degrees or spare time .( isn't pre-retirement so great?) I read random stuff on google books. related and not related to Medicine /surgery.
Recently I wanted to bend some plastic implements . from where i got info about Hot sand box / Salt pan frame warmer used by optician.
from where I went to the book "SYSTEM FOR OPHTHALMIC DISPENSING "By Clifford W. Brooks, Irvin Borish
Some little known gems/facts from this book are reproduced below .
When you know the exact terminology/jargon you sound more Knowledgeable
for example i never knew about the various parts of a shoe
• SPECTACLE IS AN OPTICAL APPLIANCE COMPRISING A LENSES AND A FRAME WITH
SIDES EXTENDING TOWARDS THE EARS.
Part I OPHTHALMIC DISPENSING,
Part II OPHTHALMIC LENSES,
Frame Types and parts,
Frame Measurements and Markings,
Measuring the Interpupillary Distance,
Frame Selection,
Reference Point Placement,
Multifocal Height, and Blank Size Determination, Ordering and Verification,
Lens Insertion,
Standard Alignment,Adjusting the Frame,
Frame Repairs and Modifications,
Review of Elementary Mathematical Principles,
Characteristics Of Ophthalmic Lenses, Lens Curvature and Thickness
Optical Considerations With Increasing Lens Power,
Optical Prism: Power and Base Direction,
Optical Prism: Decentration and Thickness,
Fresnel prisms and Lenses,
Lens Design,
Segmented Multifocal Lenses,
Progressive Addition Lenses,
Anisometropia,
Absorptive Lenses,
Lens Materials, Safety, and Sports Eyewear,
How Lenses Are Edged,
Frame Types and parts, click to see a slide show
Spectacle frame
Parts of a Spectacle frame
• Each frame has two main parts - Front & Sidesor Temples,
Front consist of rims, bridge, joints and lugs
• Rim
• May be complete or incomplete or full rim,
rimless(3ps) and half rim(supra)
• Lenses are supported by nylon or steel wires.
BASIC PARTS, Frame Fronts,Temples,
The frame is that portion of the spectacles that holds the
lenses containing the ophthalmic prescription in their
proper position in front of the eyes.
A frame generally consists of the front, which in one
form or another contains the lenses, and the temples,
which attach to the front and hook over the ears to help
hold the spectacles in place. Frames occasionally do not
have temples and are instead held in place by pressure
on the sides of the nose (pince-nez), by attachment to
another frame (clip-ons), or by being held in the hand
(lorgnettes).
Frame Fronts
That area of the frame front between the lenses that rests
on the nose is the bridge. The rim going around the
lenses is known as the eye wire or rim. The outer areas of
the frame front, to the extreme left and right where the
temples attach, are known as the end pieces. A few plastic
frames may still have a metal shield on the front of the
endpiece to which rivets are attached to hold the hinge
in place (Figure I-I).
The hinges hold the temples to the front, and consist
of an odd number of inter fitting barrels, the total number
being three, five, or seven. Hinges may vary in construction
CONSTRUCTION,Frames, 3
Bridge Area, Endpiece Construction,Temple Construction, "Classic" Rimless Fronts,
Frames without an eyewire going completely around the
lens are called mountings. Lenses are "inserted" into
frames, but "mounted" into mountings.
Frames them-
selves can be classified in a simplified manner by one of
the following categories of frames or mountings.
Plastic frames are made Of some type Of plastic material.
Plastic frames were occasionally referred to as shell
frames, dating back to the time when eyeglass frames
were made of tortoise shell. This term has fallen into
disuse. Another general term that many still use for
certain plastic frames is zyl, since at one time zylonite
(cel n was a used material. Zylonite
is highly flammable and no longer used for spectacle
frames. The name "zyl" continues to be used, but usually
refers to the most commonly used plastic material-
cellulose acetate. Now, with the emergence of many new
materials, either the exact name of the plastic material
is used or the frame is simply referred to as plastic
(Figure 1-3).
is highly flammable and no longer used for spectacle
frames. The name "zyl" continues to be used, but usually
refers to the most commonly used plastic material-
cellulose acetate. Now, with the emergence of many new
materials, either the exact name of the plastic material
is used or the frame is simply referred to as plastic
(Figure 1-3).
Metal
Metal frames are those made of all metal parts, except for
the nose pads and the posterior temple sections, which
are plastic covered. The eyewire runs completely around
the lens (Figure 1-4).
Nylon cord frames
Nylon cord frames, sometimes called string mounted frames
or nylon supras hold the lenses in place by means of a
nylon cord that fits around the edge of the lens. This
gives the glasses the appearance of being rimless. Usually
the top of the lens is fitted into the upper rim of the
frames. The rest Of the lens has a small groove Cut into
an otherwise flat edge
1-8). Rimless mountings are sometimes referred to as
3-piece mountings.
Semirimless mountings are similar to the rimless except
for a metal reinforcing arm, which follows the upper
posterior surface Of the lens and joins the centerpiece Of
the frame to the endpiece.
The centerpiece of a mounting consists of bridge, pad arms, and pads (Figure 1-9).
Numont mountings hold the lenses in place only at their nasal edge. They are seldom seen today. The lenses
are attached at the bridge area and the temples are
attached to a metal arm that extends along the posterior
Coloration, FRAME MATERIALS, Plastic Frame Materials, Metal Frame Materials,
ALLERGIC REACTIONS TO FRAME
MATERIALS, 14
PROFICIENCY TEST, 15
Half-eye frames in use. Half-eyes are made especially those who need a reading correction but no correction for distance vision.
attachment per lens -
Currently most dispensers refer to any Of these three
variations of a rimless mounting as "rimless." They do
not differentiate between the three.
Other Mountings
Balgrip mountings secure the lens in place with clips
attached to a bar of tensile steel that firs into a nasal and
a temporal notch on each side Of the lens. The lens can
be easily removed by pulling the clips back from the lens.
For this reason, this type of mounting can be used with
more than one pair of lenses for the same frame. Sun-
lenses, special purpose lenses, or tinted lenses could then
be used interchangeably with the patient's regular lenses
(Figure I-I l). Notches are now more Often used in combination with drilled holes in rimless mountings to lend stability to the mounting.
We are always told to use both hnads to put on and take off glasses and 99% people use their dominant hand specially to take their glasses off and this is the most common way to loosen /wear out the thread of the screw holding the lenses and ultimately ending with loss of the frame
EYE GLASSES
• THESE OPTICAL APPLIANCE COMPRISING A LENSES AND A FRaME HAVI
• EYE GLASSES WeRE USED IN THE PAsT
HAVE BEEN REPLACED IN SPECTACLE.
Monocle
Spectacle
- "We have stocked billions of micro eyeglass screws
though most of them are not shown on our page. whether you want to find
screws for pad arms, screws for hinges,or self-aligning screws for
spring hinges and rimless eyewear,all of them could be found here!
Different shank lengths,turning or self-tapping screws are also
available.
Other micro eyeglass accessories,such as rivets,washers,spacers,bolts,bushing and rimlocks,those small stuff are able to buy here,we are one super market of various eyeglass parts online." - 2. SPECTACLE • SPECTACLE IS AN OPTICAL APPLIANCE COMPRISING A LENSES AND A FRAME WITH SIDES EXTENDING TOWARDS THE EARS. 2
- 3. 3
- 4. SPECTACLE FRAME EYE GLASSES 4
- 5. EYE GLASSES • THESE OPTICAL APPLIANCE COMPRISING A LENSES AND A FRAME HAVING NO SIDE. • EYE GLASSES WERE USED IN THE PART AND HAVE BEEN REPLACE IN SPECTACLE. 5
- 6. FRAME • THE PORTION OF SPECTACLE WHICH HOLDS THE LENSES CONTAINING THE OPHTHALMIC PRESCRIPTION IN THEIR PROPER POSITION IN FRONT OF THE EYES. • THERE ARE TWO PART IN FRAME: • (1)FRAME FRONT • (2)TEMPLES 6
- 7. 7
- 8. FRAME TEMPLE FRAME FRONT 8
- 9. FRAME FRONT • GUARD ARM • NOSE PAD • HINGES RIM LUGS BRIDGE END PIECE 9
- 10. FRAME FRONTS- RIMS BRIDGE JOINTS AND LUGS LENSES END PIECE HINGES NOSE PADS
- BRIDGE
That area of the frame front between the lenses that rests on the nose is the bridge, REGULAR BRIDGE ,INSERT BRIDGE ,SADDLE BRIDGE
METAL SADDLE BRIDGE
• Metal and rimless frames were, and sometimes still are, constructed with a metal
saddle bridge and enjoyed widespread use for a period of history.
• It may yet appear exactly as before or decoratively in conjunction with nose pads.
- 11. RIM • The rim going around the lenses is known as the eyewire or rim 11
- 12. RIM FULL FRAME SEMI RIMLESS RIMLESS 12
- 13. FULL FRAME SEMI RIM LESS 13
- 14. RIM LESS(three piece) 14
- 15. SEMIRIMLESS SUPRA FRAMES INFRA SUPRA FRAMES 15
- 16. SUPRA FRAMES 16
- 17. INFRA SUPRA FRAMES 17
- 18. BRIDGE • That area of the frame front between the lenses that rests on the nose is the bridge. 18
- 19. REGULAR BRIDGE INSERT BRIDGE SADDLE BRIDGE 19
- 20. REGULAR BRIDGE RESTS ON NOSE WITH FULL SUPPORT. 20
- 21. INSERT BRIDGE IT PROTECTS BEHIND THE FRAME PLANE ,SO THAT THE AREA OF CONTACT LIES BEHIND THE LENS SPACE. 21
- 22. SADDLE BRIDGE- COMBINATION OF REGULAR AND INSERT BRIDGE. 22
- 23. OTHER CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MATERIAL . 23
- 24. PLASTIC BRIDGE SADDLE BRIDGE KEY HOLE BRIDGE MODIFIED SADDLE BRIDHE 24
- 25. SADDLE BRIDGE • The saddle bridge is shaped like a saddle in a smooth curve and follows the bridge of the nose. • This spreads the weight of the frame evenly over the sides and crest of the nose. 25
- 26. 26
- 27. MODIFIED SADDLE BRIDGE • In the modified saddle, the bridge area looks much the same as the saddle bridge does when viewed from the Front. • The difference is that there are nose pads that are part of the back of the bridge. • These pads help to carry some of the weight of the frame. 27
- 28. 28
- 29. KEYHOLE BRIDGE • The keyhole bridge is shaped like an old- fashioned keyhole. • At the top, the bridge flares out slightly. • The bridge rests on the sides of the nose, but not on the rest. 29
- 30. 30
- 31. METAL BRIDGE COMFORT METAL SADDLE BRIDGE PAD BRIDGE 31
- 32. PAD BRIDGE • The bridge commonly used in metal frames is the pad bridge. • In the pad bridge, nose pads are attached to the frame by metal pad arms. • In this case, the pads alone support the weight of the glasses. 32
- 33. PAD BRIDGE 33
- 34. COMFORT BRIDGE • When a metal frame is equipped with a clear plastic saddle-type bridge, the bridge type is referred to as a comfort bridge. 34
- 35. 35
- 36. METAL SADDLE BRIDGE • Metal and rimless frames were, and sometimes still are, constructed with a metal saddle bridge and enjoyed widespread use for a period of history. • It may yet appear exactly as before or decoratively in conjunction with nose pads. 36
- 37. 37
- 38. HINGES• The hinges hold the temples to the front, and consist of an odd number of interfitting barrels, the total number being three, five, or seven. • Hinges may vary in construction , but for simplicity are usually classified by the total number of barrels they have when assembled, such as a three-barrel hinge. 38
- 39. 39
- 40. 40
- 41. LUGS They are projection on the sides to which the side piece are attached.
42. END PIECE • The outer areas of the frame front, to the extreme left and right where the temples attach, are known as the end pieces. 42
43. 43
44. ENDPIECE PLASTIC METAL 44
45. PLASTIC ENDPIECE BUTT MIRE TURN BACK 45
46. BUTT • the front is straight and the temple butt is fl at, and both meet at a 90-degree angle.
47. MAKES AN ANGLE OF 90 DEGREE.
48. MITRE • The mitre end piece causes the frame front contact area and temple butt to meet at a 45- degree angle.
49. MAKES AN ANGLE OF 45 DEGREE.
50. TURN BACK • In the turn-back type, the frame front bends around and meets the temple end to end.
51. BENDS AROUND AND MEEETS THE TEMPLE END TO END. MOST COMMONLY USED.
52. METAL TURN BACK WRAP
53. TURN BACK • The traditional metal end piece has a construction similar to the turn-back end piece of the plastic frame. • There are now a wide variety of metal endpiece designs 53
55. WRAP • End pieces are also noticeable by their absence. • Instead of an end piece, some frame fronts and temples are made as one continuous piece. 55
57. NOSE PADS Mostly frame have nose pads , which are plastic piece that rest on the nose to support the frame. It also directly attached to the frame. 57
58. NOSE PAD LOOSE NOSE PAD FIXED NOSE PAD 58
62. GUARD ARM • Some frames have nose pads, which are plastic pieces that rest on the nose to support the frame. • These may be directly attached to the frame or to connecting metal pieces known as guard arms or pad arms.- Guard ar
- TEMPLE • TEMPLE – THEY ATTACH TO THE FRONT AND HOOK OVER THE EARS TO HELP HOLD THE SPECTACLES IN PLACE. 64
65. PORTION- BUTT BEND EAR PIECE 65
66. The portion of the temple that attached to the frame front is known as the butt portion or butt end. The place on a temple where is first bends down to go over the ears is called Bend. The portion in temple between the butt portion and bend portion is called shank or shaft. - . The portion beyond the bend and behind the ear is known as the ear piece or curl. The spring system is also pressent in the butt portion. Steel wire pressent in temple. 67
68. TYES OF TEMPLE SKULL LIBRARY CONVERTIBLE RIDING BOW COMFORT CABL - . SKULL TEMPLE • Skull temples bend down behind the ear and follow the contour of the skull, resting evenly against it. • The bent-down portion is narrower at the top of the ear and widens toward the end. 671. RIDING BOW TEMPLE • Riding bow temples curve around the ear, following the crotch of the ear where the ear and the head • meet and extend to the level of the earlobe. They are sometimes used in children’s and safety frames. 73. LIBRARY TEMPLE • Library temples usually begin with an average width at the butt and increase in width posteriorly. • They are practically straight and hold the glasses on primarily by pressure against the side of the head. • They are also known as straight-back temples. 73
75. CONVERTIBLE TEMPLE • Convertible temples were originally designed so they could be bent down to take on the form of skull temples, and “converted” from the straight-back to the skull design. • Because this temple is versatile and can be made to fit people with a variety of temple length requirements, it is commonly used. 75
76. • However, it now comes already bent down for a certain temple Fit. • If the bend is in the wrong location, the temple may be easily straightened out and then re-bent to fit the wearer. 76
78. COMFORT CABLE • Comfort cable temples are shaped the same as riding bow temples, but are of metal construction with the curl, or behind the ear portion, constructed from a flexible coiled cable
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